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Salon Ecology. In this chapter you will be learning about: Microbiology Infection Control First Aid and Safety. Microbiology. The study of small living organisms called microbes, such as bacteria.
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Salon Ecology In this chapter you will be learning about: Microbiology Infection Control First Aid and Safety
Microbiology • The study of small living organisms called microbes, such as bacteria. • Because infectious bacteria and viruses are easily transmitted from person to person, it is important that a professional cosmetologist, coming in contact with many people on a daily basis, understands particular aspects of microbiology.
Bacteria • Bacteria - One-celled microorganisms; germs; microbes. • The study of bacteria is referred to as bacteriology. • Germ – is a non-scientific name for small organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses that invade the body and cause disease.
NONPATHOGENIC • Nonpathogenic - Harmless, non-disease producing bacteria • Cause decay of refuse,improve fertility of soil • Can be beneficial (ex. Yogurt has health enhancing bacteria.) • 70% of all bacteriaare nonpathogenic
PATHOGENIC • Pathogenic bacteria - Live everywhere • Cause of infection and disease and some produce toxins. • Spread easily • In salon by using unsanitary styling implements • Or dirty hands and fingernails • Have distinct shapes that aid in their microscopic identification.
Example of Pathogenic Bacterial Infection Wound Infection is caused by multiplying pathogenic bacteria which cause a reaction in the patient. Infection can be systemic, causing the patient to become ill, or local only affecting the wound bed and surrounding tissues.
Pathogenic Bacteria • Cocci • Round - shaped cells • Appear singularly or in groups • There are 3 groups of Cocci • Staphlococci • Forms a bunch or clusters (like grapes) • Pus – forming • Found in boils • Cause of staph infection
Streptoccocci • Form in long chains • Pus – forming • Cause strep throat, blood poisoning, rheumatic fever and more. • Diplococci • Round and grow in pairs • Diplo means two. • Cause pneumonia
Bacilli • Most common • Bar or Rod – shaped • Cause fever, tetanus, bacterial influenza, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and diphtheria. • Spirilla • Spiraled, corkscrew shape • Cause syphilis and cholera • Treponema pallidah (a stain of Spirilla) that causes syphilis
Activity Take the information you have just learned and do the exercise on the next page.
Growth of Bacteria • It is very important to keep areas clean, dry and unfavorable for bacterial growth! • Bacteria grow best in warm, damp conditions. • Bacteria grow through a growth cycle that consists of two stages: • Active • Inactive
Active Bacteria • Reproduce and Grow Rapidly • Grow in dark,damp,dirty areas where a food source is available. • Grow in size anddivide creating two cells. • As much as16million cells can produce inaslittle as 12 hours
Inactive Bacteria • Conditions unfavorable = No Growth • Form spores not hurt by disinfection, cold or heat. • Conditions good – they return toactive stage.
Movement of Bacteria • Bacilli and Spirilla have flagella (cilia) • Hair-like projections which extend from the sides of the cell. • Act as propellers to helpbacteria travel through air and liquids. • Without this, movement of bacteria would be limited.
Viruses • Smaller than bacteria; cause familiar diseases: Cold, Measles, Hepatitis, HIV • HBV – Human Hepatitis B; affects liver; may need vaccine; (PSW – personal service worker) • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome);affects natural immunity of body fluids into bloodstream of non-infected. • Cosmetologist are licensed to prevent the unnecessary spread of infectious diseases, such as HBV and HIV.
What Is HIV? • HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It’s similar to other viruses, such as colds and the flu, with one important difference—the human body cannot get rid of HIV. That means once a person has HIV, he or she has it for life. HIV affects specific cells of the immune system (called CD4 cells). Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infection anymore. There is no cure, but with proper medical care, the virus can be controlled.
HIV / AIDS • AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the final stage of HIV infection. People in this stage of the disease have badly damaged immune systems and are vulnerable to other infections, called opportunistic infections. • These are infections that occur because of a weakened immune system. People are diagnosed with AIDS when they have one or more specific opportunistic infections, certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells, which are important parts of the immune system. • Symptoms can include diarrhea, night sweats, fatigue, fever, chills, vomiting, and severe weight loss.
External Parasites • Parasites - Plants or animals that live on or obtain their nutrients from another organism. • Ringworm (tinea capitis) • Produced by parasitic plant or fungi • Contracted by improperly disinfected implements.
Continue External Parasites • Scabies, Itch Mite, Head Lice • Caused by parasitic animals • Certain insects that cause contagious disease. • Head Lice • Transmitted directly from one person to another, or by contact with articles that have come in contact with an infested person. • Symptoms: scratching, redness, or small bite marks on the scalp. • Treat by using a pediculicide (lice-killing) shampoo.
What do head lice look like? Lice Shampoo Lice Eggs Louse
Responding Instead of Reacting • Responding to a situation means to deal with the situation in a calm mature manner. Solve the problem. • Reacting to a situation is when a person reacts first and thinks later. When we do this we may not say and do the right thing. We could end up making the situation worse. • Have empathy and be a professional. • Put yourself in the other persons shoes.
Infection • Infection - Caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses; entering the body and multiplying. • Contagious (communicable)– Infection that can transmit through touch or the air. • Bloodborn pathogens– infection that is carried through blood or body fluids. • Primary reason behind additional infection control procedures.
Common means of spreading infection in a salon: • Open sores • Unclean hands and implements • Coughing or sneezing • Common use of drinking cups and towels • Use of same implements on infected areas and non-infected areas • Unsanitary salon conditions
Universal Precautions • Wash Hands • Wear gloves whenever there is a possibility of coming in contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (body fluids and tissues) • Wear face masks and eye protection whenever there is a possibility of blood splashing into the rescuer's face • Dispose of all contaminated sharp objects in an appropriate puncture-proof container • Dispose of all contaminated personal protective equipment in an appropriate container marked for bio-hazardous waste
Two Basic Classes of Infection Local Infection • Local Infection – Effects a small area • Often indicated by a pus-filled boil, pimple or inflamed area. • General Infection (systemic) – Effects the whole body • Occurs when the circulatory system carriesbacteria and their toxins to all parts of the body. • Asymptomatic – Carries disease – SHOWS NO SIGNS!! That’s why we have Universal Precautions! • Ex. – A person can have HIV and show no visible signs. General Infection Staph infection that is spreading
Immunity • Your body can destroy an infection that enters the body, if you are immune to that particular infection. • Immunity gives your body the ammunition to fight disease. • Doctors can test the white blood cell count as a way to determine the level of illness suffered by a patient.
Natural Immunity • Partially inherited, natural resistance to disease. • Body produces white blood cells and antitoxins to fight disease • Skin protects body from microbes • 1st line of defense!
Acquired Immunity • Acquired • Developed through the injectionof antigens • Stimulate the body’s immune response • Ex: Polio vaccine
Infection Control • Infection Control – Efforts to prevent the spread of disease and kill certain or all microbes. • Efficacy = effectiveness • Efficacy- “ability to produce results” or “effectiveness” • Efficacy labels are on all disinfectants to inform the user about what the product is “effective in fighting against”. • Understanding how to destroy microbes and prevent disease from spreading in the salon will help protect professional cosmetologists and their clients from the unnecessary spread of infectious diseases and maintain a safe, efficient working environment.
Infection Control Pyramid • Sterilization: the most effective level of infection control. • Used on tools and implements that are used topuncture or invade the skin. • Kills – all infectious diseases. • Destroys or kills all microbes including bacterial spores. Sterilizers Sterilized Implements
Bloodborn Pathogen Disinfection: Must use an EPA-registered broad spectrum disinfectant labeled as effective against HIV and HBV or tuberculocidal. • Required for all tools and implements that have come in contact with blood or body fluids. • Kills: HIV and HBV or Tuberculocidal
Disinfection:chemical products used to destroy or kill bacteria and some viruses (except bacterial spores). • Kills - Certain bacteria • On nonporous surfaces, such as implements. Antiseptic:Product applied to the skin to reduce microbes. Clean surface on which to perform procedures and you have helped to prevent the future growth of microbes. Prevents - Growth of bacteria Ex. Numbing cream with antiseptic to apply before waxing.
Sanitation: Clean and reduce microbes on the surface, but do not kill germs. • Removes - Dirt and debris • 1stlevel of infection control • Prevents the growth of microbes. • Does not kill bacteria (Removes, but does not kill)
Infection Control Pyramid Sterilization Bloodborn Pathogen Disinfection Disinfection Antiseptic Sanitation
Liquid Soap vs. Bar Soap Bar Soap Left out wet Exposed to microbes Perfect environment for bacterial growth Liquid Soap In closed bottle Not exposed to microbes
Disinfectant Safety • Disinfectants are powerful, professional-strength tools that can be hazardous if used incorrectly. • Can be poisonous if ingested. • Can cause serious skin and eye damage, especially in a concentrated form.
Follow these guidelines when using Hospital Grade Disinfectants: • Wear gloves and safety glasses when mixing chemicals with water. • Always add disinfectant to water, not water to disinfectant.
Use tongs, gloves, or a draining basket to remove implements from disinfectant. • Keep disinfectants away from children. • Never pour disinfectants on your hands. Can cause skin irritation and increase the chance of infection. Wash hands with soap and warm water and dry them thoroughly.
Carefully weigh and measure all products to ensure that they perform at peak efficiency. • Always keep disinfectants in a marked container.
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for mixing and using, and check the efficacy to make sure you are using the right disinfectant. • Avoid overexposure. Disinfectants are chemicals, and overuse id detrimental to the environment.
When using jars or containers to disinfect implements be sure to change the solution every day. • Or, as often as needed to keep free from debris. • Implements should be cleaned with soap and water before placing in solution.
Type of tools that can be disinfected: Combs Brushes Rollers Scissors Tweezers Nail Clippers
OSHA • Department of Labor regulatory agency • Occupational Safety and Health Administration • Regulates and enforces safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace.
MSDS • Key info on product ingredients. • Material Safety Data Sheets • Information about hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of harm and overexposure, flammability and data in case of a fire, proper disposal guidelines, and medical information should anyone have a reaction to the product.
EPA • Approves efficacy of products. • Environmental Protection Agency • The EPA licenses different types of disinfectants. • The type used in the salon are hospital grade disinfectants that kill HBV, HIV and tuberculocidal.
