Intro Questions

1. Intro Questions • In your opinion, what are some common reasons people might revolt? • What kind of person do you think typically leads a revolution? • Do you think a revolution is something that happens quickly or over time? Why? • Once a government has been overthrown, how long do you think it would take for new leaders to establish a different form of government and make it run effectively?

2. Viva La Vida I used to rule the worldSeas would rise when I gave the wordNow in the morning I sleep aloneSweep the streets I used to ownI used to roll the diceFeel the fear in my enemy's eyesListen as the crowd would sing"Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!"One minute I held the keyNext the walls were closed on meAnd I discovered that my castles standUpon pillars of salt and pillars of sandI hear Jerusalem bells a ringingRoman Cavalry choirs are singingBe my mirror, my sword and shieldMy missionaries in a foreign fieldFor some reason I can't explainOnce you go there was neverNever an honest wordAnd that was when I ruled the worldIt was the wicked and wild windBlew down the doors to let me inShattered windows and the sound of drumsPeople couldn't believe what I'd becomeRevolutionaries waitFor my head on a silver plateJust a puppet on a lonely stringOh who would ever want to be king?I hear Jerusalem bells a ringingRoman Cavalry choirs are singingBe my mirror, my sword and shieldMy missionaries in a foreign fieldFor some reason I can't explainI know Saint Peter won't call my nameNever an honest wordBut that was when I ruled the world

3. French Revolution Section 1

4. Causes of the Revolution • Inequality in the social order • Old Order or ancien regime • King on top • 1st estate • 2nd estate • 3rd estate

5. King Louis XVI • Shy and indecisive • Marie-Antoinette • Austrian • Frivolous and self-indulgent

6. First Estate • Roman Catholic Clergy • 1% of population • wealthy • Privileges • Only courts could try priests and bishops • Exempt from taxes including land (10%)

7. Second Estate • Nobility • <2% • Wealthy • Few taxes • Government and military positions • Grand estates • Peasants worked

8. Third Estate • 97% • Bourgeoisie • Many educated and rich • Merchants • Factory owners • Professionals (lawyers, doctors) • Artisans or sans culottes - workers • Shoemakers • Carpenters, • Bricklayers • Dressmakers • Peasants • Paid rents and fees to first and second estates

9. Causes of the Revolution • Inequality in the social order • Enlightenment ideas • Bourgeoisie • American Revolution • Financial Crisis • Debt from war • Tax 2nd Estate to make up for it • Natural forces

10. Meeting of the Estates General • Met due to financial crisis • Had not met since 1614 • Each Estate had one vote • 3rd estate = 97% of population, 600 reps…1 vote • 2nd estate = 2% of population, 300 reps … 1 vote • 1st estate = <1% of population, 300 reps…1vote • The 3rd estate was always outvoted by the other two. • They wanted the votes counted by number of people.

11. The Tennis Court Oath • Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly • Locked out of the Estates-General meeting • Moved to a nearby tennis court • Tennis Court Oath – swore to meet until a new constitution was drafted

12. Storming the Bastille • Rumors circulate through Paris that Louis wants to suppress the National Assembly • Mob attacks and seizes Bastille killing guards on July 14, 1789 • Looking to seize weapons and ammo, but none there

13. End of the Old Regime • Rumors and panic spread throughout France that they would be stopped by foreign armies. • Great Fear: attacks by peasants taking place across France upon the nobility The King Concedes • King Louis refused to accept the National Assembly’s decrees. • Women stormed Versailles • They forced him to accept the new decrees

14. The National Assembly Reforms • National Assembly adopts the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen • Modeled on U.S. Declaration of Independence and English Bill of Rights REMEMBER !!!!!!!!!!!! • Ideas borrowed from which Enlightenment thinker? JOHN LOCKE

15. Size of Versailles: ¼ mile

18. Cost of Versailles is disputed by historians. Anywhere from $2 billion to $300 billion

21. To Versailles, To Versailles (1789)

22. End of the Old Regime Church Reforms • The Catholic church had been a pillar for the social and political systems • France needed money so sold off church lands (10%) • The Church was brought under the control of the state • Catholics became enemies of the revolution

23. End of the Old Regime New Constitution • Set up a limited monarchy • King still there • Legislative Assembly makes the laws • 25 or older men who paid taxes could vote War with Austria • Foreign countries felt threatened • Austria and Prussia threatened to use force against the revolutionaries. • Legislative Assembly decided to declare war first • Because of the French loss, they placed all the blame on the king

24. A Tale of Two Cities questions • What was the Marquis main concern? • How did he react to the people of the village? • What was the attitude of the people towards him? • What is the irony of the situation? • How are the people of the village described? What estate are they? • Was the peasant’s action justifiable? Why or why not?

25. End of the Old Regime Paris Commune • Demonstrations arose due to losses in war and food shortages. • King and queen thrown in jail. • Radicals declared themselves a commune, and organized an attack • Wanted to pass measures for extreme change • Called a National Convention • Entering a more radical phase in the French Revolution

31. The Terror Grips France • France is divided: Not all people support all the changes of the Revolution • Uprisings occur in southern France • Britain, Spain, & Netherlands join forces against France • Many external and domestic threats to the Revolution

32. New Authority • Committee of Public Safety formed by the National Convention to deal with these threats • Maximilien Robespierre and George Danton = leaders • (or dictators?) • “Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads!” – Robespierre

33. Reign of Terror • Robespierre’s rule in which thousands of people are killed becomes known as the Reign of Terror • 85% killed were middle or lower class • 15% clergy and nobility • former revolutionaries and allies of Robespierre

34. The Reign of Terror • Guillotine- started as a weapon of mercy; became a weapon of fear • anyone and everyone can be denounced as a traitor to the Revolution and beheaded • People start denouncing anyone • Rebellious cities in the countryside were mass executed as an example • Nantes • Lyon

35. The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary committees conduct hasty trials and issue thousands of death sentences to “traitors to the revolution.”

36. Republic of Virtue Robespierre wanted a republic of “good citizens” • “citizen” and “citizeness” replaced formal “miseur” and “madame” • Controlled the economic prices • Reflect Roman Republic style of dress and culture • De-Christianization • “saint” removed from streets and public buildings • Churches destroyed and converted into “temples of reason” • Christian calendar replaced with revolutionary calendar • Cult of the Supreme Being

37. Draft! • The National Convention orders emergency draft of 300,000 French citizens to reinforce army. • By 1794 it is over 1 million strong • Pushed back foreign armies • Conquered the Austrian Netherlands

38. End of the Terror • Another change in government • In July 1794, Robespierre arrested and executed • Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals

40. Evaluation Question Is the use of violence acceptable to end oppression? Do the ends justify the means? Support your opinion.

41. “Anarchy within, invasion from without. A country cracking from outside pressure, disintegrating from internal stain. Revolution is at its height. War. Inflation. Hunger. Fear. Hate. Sabotage. Fanaticism. Hopes. Boundless Idealism…and the dread that all the gains of the Revolution would be lost. And the faith that if they won, they would bring Liberty, Equality, Fraternity to the world.” ~R.R. Palmer, The Twelve Who Ruled

42. The Directory • New constitution after the terror ceased. • 2 legislative house • Council of 500 • Council of Elders • electors- qualified voters • Executive, or Directory, made up of a committee of 5 • Chosen by Council of Elders

43. Napoleon Section 3 and 4

44. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • Napoleon became brilliant military leader and quickly rose to power • In charge of French interior at 26 • Invaded Italy and Egypt • Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelsonkept from newspapers • Became national hero

45. Napoleon Seizes Power • Directory weak and ineffective • Fear of royalists and of European opposition • November 1799 coup d’état • France to be led by Consulate • Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator • Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

46. Timeline Question The following events in Napoleon’s rise have been changed. Explain how the events following could have been effected. • Napoleon lost to the mob of royalists in 1795. • Napoleon was unable to make it back to France in time to keep his defeat out of the press. • The coup d’etat in 1799 failed. Directory remains strong.

47. Radio Broadcast Requirements create a radio news story on the Napoleonic Wars as if the events are happening. Each broadcast will include the following: • Description of the event • Causes or motivations behind it • Two reporters and a witness • Opinion on whether you think it was a success or failure? • Future prediction

49. Napoleon’sPolicies Reform of the Church-State Relations • Made the Concordat with the pope – recognized the influence of the Catholic Church in France but it had no more control in national affairs Economic Reforms • Established a French Bank • Efficient tax collection Legal and Education Reforms • Napoleonic Codes • Only applied to male citizens • High schools, tech schools, and universities set up

50. Visual Analysis • How is Napoleon portrayed in each painting? • What similarities do you see between the paintings? • What differences? • What is the opinion of the artist about Napoleon? How can you tell?