Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Awareness Training

1. Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S) Awareness Training Presented by: REY A. SIGNIO, NFPA/CSP NABORS/POOL SAUDI ARABIA

2. Terms • LEL - Lower Explosive Limit • UEL - Upper Explosive Limit • IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health • PEL - Permissible Exposure Limit • TWA – Time Weighted Average • STEL – Short Term Exposure Limit (15 minutes)

3. PPM = Parts Per Million Unit of measurement for toxic gases like H2S Volumetric Measure - 1% by Vol. = 10,000 PPM 1 PPM is equal to 1 ounce of sand in 31 tons (1 gram in 1,000 Kg) 1 inch in 15¾ miles (1 mm in 1 Kilometer) 1 second in 11½ days An IDLH concentration of 100 PPM equals .36 inches on a American football field (100 yards or 3600 inches) Terms

4. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Acutely Toxic • Inhibits enzymes in the blood from using oxygen • Effects respiration • Shuts down involuntary muscles that control breathing • Can cause death if inhaled in the right concentration

5. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Colorless Gas Can’t be seen in a gas form

6. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Heavier than air in pure (100%) concentration • When mixed with other gases, mixture may be lighter than air. Air H2S Sample for H2S at high and low levels

7. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Rotten egg smell • At low levels 15 PPM or less. May loose sense of smell at 15 PPM or less.

8. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Very Corrosive Will cause corrosion of metals (Sulfide stress cracking, Iron sulfide scale)

9. H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Soluble in water and petroleum hydrocarbons. • As fluid temperature rises more H2S is released from solution.

10. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Flammable (3 times that of methane) 4% to 45% by volume. 40,000 to 450,000 PPM

11. Where do you find Hydrogen Sulfide ? (H2S) • Oil & Gas from Exploration to Refining

12. Where do you find Hydrogen Sulfide ? (H2S) • Oil & Gas • from Exploration to Refining • Sewer Systems

13. Where do you find Hydrogen Sulfide ? (H2S) • Oil & Gas • from Exploration to Refining • Sewer System • Chemical Plants

14. Where do you find Hydrogen Sulfide ? (H2S) • Oil & Gas • from Exploration to Refining • Sewer System • Chemical Plants • Pulp & Paper

15. Duration (amount of time of exposure) Frequency (# of times exposed in a day) Intensity (concentration of H2S exposure in PPM) How does H2S effect you ? The way H2S affects you depends on the following factors:

16. WARNING!!! DO NOT RELY ON YOUR SENSE OF SMELL TO DETECT H2S!!!

17. Eye irritation Mild headache Nausea Irrational behavior Dizziness Physiological Effects

18. OSHA - 10 PPM OSHA - 20 PPM Ceiling, 50 PPM Max-Peak (10 Minutes) NIOSH - 10 PPM Ceiling ACGIH - 10 PPM PEL-TWA Protective breathing apparatus must be worn when when working in an area where the H2S level exceeds the 10 PPM PEL. Permissible Exposure Limits

19. Flammable range is 4.0 to 45% by volume Ignition temperature is 500°F Pure H2S burns with blue flame Burning produces SO2 (also very toxic and heavier than air but tends to rise with the heat of combustion) H2S is flammable

20. Emphysema (abnormal dilation of air spaces, distention of walls) Bronchial Asthma Heart Disease Diabetes Eye Infections Anemia (low red blood cells, hemoglobin, or volume) Alcohol Consumption Psychiatric Problems Smoking Special Health Problems

21. Escape Unit Plastic Hood Minimum 5 minutes Escape only Protective Breathing Apparatus

22. SCBA Work or Rescue Maximum Mobility Escape Use 30, 45 and 60 Minute rated Units Typically found Acutal time may vary based upon individuals. Protective Breathing Apparatus

23. Work Unit Airline (Cascade system) use 5 to 15 Minute Escape Bottle Limited mobility Protective Breathing Apparatus

24. Facial Hair (beards & long sideburns) Contact Lenses Corrective Spectacles Punctured Ear Drum Psychological Disturbances Other Sealing Problems scars, hollow temples, prominent cheek bones, deep skin creases, lack of teeth, dentures Problems in respirator use

25. Call for Help! Put on SCBA rescue unit. 2. Remove victim to fresh air. -Go upwind or crosswind. 3. If breathing, maintain victim at rest and have trained personnel administer O2. 4. If not breathing, start artificial respiration. Rescue Procedures

26. 5. Transport person to doctor or hospital. 6. Keep person lying down and keep warm. 7. If eyes are affected, wash with clean water 8. Do not return to work until cleared by a doctor. Rescue Procedures

27. Portable Monitors Continuous single gas personal monitoring Audible/Visual/Vibrating Alarms Multi-Gas Monitoring Detecting H2S

28. Fixed Monitors Central Controller Remote Sensors Siren & Strobe Alarms Detecting H2S

29. Detector Tubes Measured by length of Stain Fairly Accurate Takes Time “Spot Checking” Many Gases High Concentrations Detecting H2S

30. When approaching jobsite Observe “condition” signs & warning alarms Check wind direction Look for personnel and their activity Enter jobsite slowly Locate assembly point/safe area Minimum of two escape routes Continuous monitoring Safety Measures

31. Eliminate ignition sources and enforce “NO SMOKNG” Conduct emergency drills Forced ventilation can reduce H2S exposure risk Observe wind direction Move upwind or crosswind from source Safety Measures - cont’d.

32. Work Area “B” Safety Measures - cont’d. Safe Area Wind Direction Work Area “A” Source

33. Avoid low lying areas Pure (100%) H2S is heavier than air Use the “Buddy System” Maintain and observe warning signs Post emergency numbers, maintain communications systems. Safety Measures - cont’d.

34. Locate emergency stations at least 250 ft. from H2S source. H2S can be flared. (Produces SO2) Know your company’s H2S Safety Measures - cont’d. “EMERGENCY PROCEDURES!!”

35. Thank You