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Introduction to ICT and Programming Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology

Introduction to ICT and Programming Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology. Book Reference: Using Information Technology. Introduction to Information Technology . Mind Tools for Your Future. 1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace: Cellphones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World

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Introduction to ICT and Programming Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology

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  1. Introduction to ICT and Programming Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology Book Reference: Using Information Technology

  2. Introduction to Information Technology Mind Tools for Your Future • 1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace: Cellphones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World • 1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers • 1.3 Understanding Your Computer: What If You Custom-Ordered Your Own PC? • 1.4 Where is Information Technology Headed?

  3. InfoTech Becomes Commonplace Cell phones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World • InfoTech: InfoTech is the fusion of computer technology and communication technology. InfoTech is the merging of computers with high-speed communications links carrying data, sound, and video.   • IT: is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information • With huge information available all the time everywhere: what will this do to us as human beings? • Information overload: • Less use of our brains for memorizing: • Multitasking activity: • Smart mobile devices could produce “smart mobs”: Emerge when communication and computing technologies amplify Human talents for cooperation

  4. Computer Technology • Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data—raw facts and figures -- and processes, or manipulates, it into usable information. TOP FIVE USES: 90% Email Internet 87% Typing Letters/ Correspondence 80% Research 79% Games 76% Source: The New York Times, September 30, 2002, p.C1

  5. Communication Technology • Consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances.  • What is the meaning of the following term? • “go online” ? • “pervasive computing” ?

  6. Online: Availability for communication • Using a computer or other information device, connected through a voice or data network, to access information and services from another computer or information device. 

  7. Pervasive computing Anytime anywhere accessing the information • The world has moved on beyond boxy computers that sit on desks. • Today handheld computers and cell phones let us access information anytime anywhere • Not just the general information but personal information --- electronic correspondence, documents, appointments, photos, songs, money matters, and other data important to us.

  8. E-mail: (Electronic mail) • Messages transmitted over a computer network • A great overview on how E-mail works can be found at the following web site: • http://www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm Example: yourname@niit.edu.pk User ID Domain/Server

  9. Network • Communication system connecting two or more computers with each other so that they can share resources. • LAN: Local Area Network • MAN: Metropolitan Area Network • WAN: Wide Area Network

  10. Network • LAN: Local Area Network connects, usually by cable, a group of desktop PCs and other devices, such as printers, in an office or a building.  • MAN: Metropolitan Area Network A data network intended to serve an area the size of a large city. Such networks are being implemented by innovative techniques, such as running optical fiber through subway tunnels. • WAN: Wide Area Network A communications network that uses such devices as telephone lines, satellite dishes, or radio waves to span a larger geographic area than can be covered by a LAN.

  11. Network • LAN is maintained inside a building or small campus • MAN’s connect LAN’s together within a city • WAN’s connects LAN’s together across the country.

  12. Cyberspace • Includes not only the online world and the Internet in particular, but also the whole wired and wireless world of communications in general. • Two most important aspects of cyberspace include • Internet • World Wide Web

  13. Internet • Worldwide network that connects up to 400,000 smaller networks in more than 200 countries.

  14. World Wide Web • Interconnected system of computers all over the world that store information in Multimedia form • A network of servers linked together by a common protocol, allowing access to millions of hypertext resources

  15. Multimedia • Technology that presents information in more than one medium, such as text, still images, moving images, and sound.

  16. The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers • Supercomputers • Mainframes • Workstations • Microcomputers • Microcontrollers All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines

  17. Supercomputers High-capacity machines with hundreds of thousands of processors that can perform over 1 trillion calculations per second.  Price range $500,000 to more than $350 millions Applications: Processing of Enormous data, Forecasting Weather, designing Aircrafts, modeling Molecules, breaking Encryption codes, Simulating explosion Of nuclear bombs, Film animation, IBM ASCI White

  18. Mainframes Water- or air-cooled computers that vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use. Price ranges from $5,000 to $5 million VP2400 mainframe

  19. Workstations Expensive, powerful computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. Sun Microsystems workstation

  20. Microcomputers • A Desk Top Personal Computer: price ranges between $500 to $ 5,000

  21. Microcomputers • A Tower Case Personal Computer Sony tower PC

  22. Microcomputers • A Lap Top Personal Computer • Lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and AC adapter.

  23. Microcomputers • A Personal Digital Assistant or Palmtops • Personal organization tools-schedule planners, address books, to-do lists, send e-mail and faxes.

  24. Microcontrollers Embedded computers are the tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in "smart" appliances and automobiles.

  25. Client Server Architecture • A network architecture in which each computer or processor on the network is either a Client or a Server. • Client/Server network = Server + Clients linked together

  26. Server • A server, central computer, holds collections of data and programs for connecting PCs, workstations, and other devices, which are called clients.

  27. Clients • Clients = PCs, workstations, & other devices • Clients are PC’s or Workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as files, devices, and even processing power. 

  28. Understanding Your Computer Data The raw facts and figures that are processed into information Information Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making How Computers Work - Concept #1The purpose of a computer is to process data into information. 55% 20% 25%

  29. Hardware All the machinery and equipment in a computer system or all the tangible components in a computer e.g. CPU, I/O devices etc. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #2 Computers consist of hardware and software. • Software • Consists of programs where programs contains instructions written in some programming language that tell the computer how to perform a task e.g. Operating System, BIOS etc.

  30. Firmware Instructions or programs that reside inside Integrated Circuits (ICs) Liveware All the living things aiding computer to work. Data entry operators, programmers etc Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #2 Computers consist of firmware and liveware.

  31. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Keyboard Mouse

  32. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Case or system cabinet

  33. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Processor chip Processor Chip - A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

  34. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Motherboard Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.

  35. Input Processing Storage Output Communications Primary storage (memory) Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed Secondary storage (storage) The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations

  36. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Memory chips Memory chips: Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory). Represent primary storage or temporary storage. Hold data before processing and information after processing.

  37. Input Processing Storage Output Communications Nibble – 4 bits of data Byte – 8 bits of data Kilobyte – 210 bytes of data = 1024 bytes Megabyte – 220 bytes of data = 1048576 Gigabyte – 230 bytes of data = 1073741824 Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations

  38. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Floppy disk Zip disk Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch-diameter diskettes. Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170 times the capacity of the standard floppy.

  39. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Hard-disk drive Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a Non-removable disk platter.

  40. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications CD (Compact Disk) drive or DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks.

  41. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Sound card Sound card - enhances the computer’s sound-generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers.

  42. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Speakers Speakers - the devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card.

  43. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Video card Video card - converts the processor’s output information into a video signal that can be sent through a cable to the monitor.

  44. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Monitor Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen.

  45. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Printer Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

  46. Understanding Your Computer How Computers Work - Concept #3 All computers follow five basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Modem Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.

  47. Put all the hardware together and…

  48. You still need the software! • System software • Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run

  49. System Software System Software Embedded S/Ws Operating Systems Device Drivers BIOS Compilers/ Interpreters System Utilities Assembly COBOL FORTRAN BASIC C/C++ PASCAL VB VC++ JAVA Microwave Oven Home Appliances Embedded OS (Symbian) fdisk format sys doskey Defrag- mentation scandisk DOS Window 9X Windows XP Windows Me Windows Pro Unix Linux Sun Solaris Mac OS OS/2 Modem Sound Card VGA Ethernet TV Tuner The BIOS configuration determines how your hardware is accessed.

  50. You still need the software! • Application software • Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

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