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APA Citation Style

APA Citation Style. July 2008 JIBC Library. Reminders . Sources to cite: Information gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, films, statistics, e-mails, lectures, radio & TV shows Cite your sources “in-text” & in your Reference List – BOTH places

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APA Citation Style

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  1. APA Citation Style July 2008 JIBC Library

  2. Reminders • Sources to cite: • Information gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, films, statistics, e-mails, lectures, radio & TV shows • Cite your sources “in-text” & in your Reference List – BOTH places • Use “quotation marks” for direct quotations (except if 40 or more words) • Don’t use “quotation marks” for paraphrases

  3. More Reminders • Double-space your Reference List • Alphabetize your Reference List by authors/editors Last Names (if no author, alphabetize by first Title word other than A, An, The) • Use authors’ initials instead of first names • The MAIN OBJECTIVES are to give credit to your sources AND for your reader to be able to find the material you have used

  4. FINAL REMINDER • For more detailed information, refer to: • Getting Started with APA Style Handout • Also available on the JIBC Library webpage http://www.jibc.ca/library/ • Click on How Do I?

  5. IN-TEXT CITATIONS How to credit your sources in the body of your paper

  6. Citing your Sources • In-text citations appear within the text of your paper • In-text citations may be either “direct quotes” or paraphrased information • Direct quotes use “quotation” marks and include a page or paragraph number • See the following slides for examples

  7. In-text Citation - Direct Quote • Watson (2007) explained that, “it is very important to learn how to cite using the APA style” (p. 22). • OR • According to the librarian, “it is very important to learn how to cite using the APA style” (Watson, 2007, p. 22).

  8. In-text Citation - Paraphrase • According to Appleby and Peach (2006), fruits and vegetables are generally accepted as the healthiest choices for dessert. • OR • Fruits and vegetables are generally accepted as the healthiest choices for dessert (Appleby & Peach, 2006).

  9. PRINT RESOURCES How to cite print resources in your Reference List

  10. Book – 1 or 2 authors • Jacobs, E., & Spadaro, N. (2003). Leading groups in corrections: Skills and techniques.Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association. • In-text direct quote: (Jacobs & Spadaro, 2003, p. 219) • In-text paraphrase: (Jacobs & Spadaro, 2003)

  11. 3 – 6 Authors • Whitelaw, B., Parent, R.B., & Griffiths, C.T. (2004). Community-based strategic policing in Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Thomson Nelson. • First in-text direct quote: (Whitelaw, Parent, & Griffiths, 2004, p. 110) • Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004, pp. 234-235) • First in-text paraphrase: (Whitelaw, Parent, & Griffiths, 2004). • Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004) • If more than 6 authors, see Print Article example

  12. Other ExamplesAuthored Books • Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict resolution: A practitioner’s guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. • Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. • Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J., & Flowers, B.S. (2005). Presence: Exploring profound change in people, organizations, and society. New York: Doubleday.

  13. Authored Books continued • Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1991). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in (2nd ed.). New York: Penguin. • Fisher, R., & Brown, S. (1989). Getting together: Building relationships as we negotiate. New York: Penguin. • Ury, W. (1993). Getting past no: Negotiating your way from confrontation to cooperation (Rev. ed.). New York: Bantam.

  14. Edited Book • Fridell, L., & Wycoff, M.A. (Eds.). (2004). Community policing: The past, present and future. Washington, DC: Anne E. Casey Foundation and Police Executive Research Forum. • In-text direct quote: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004, p. 33) • In-text paraphrase: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004)

  15. Books - Edited • Masie, E. (Ed.). (2005). Learning: Rants, raves, and reflections. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. • Folger, J. P., & Jones, T.S. (Eds.). (1994). New directions in mediation: Communication research and perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  16. Chapter in Edited Book • Sutker, S. (2005). Are you a vendor or a partner? In E. Masie (Ed.), Learning: Rants, raves, and reflections (pp. 57-65). San Francisco: Pfeiffer. • Donohue, W.A., & Bresnahan, M.I. (1994). In J.P. Folger & T.S. Jones (Eds.), New directions in mediation: Communication research and perspectives (pp. 135-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  17. Chapter in Edited Book or Anthology • Stephens, D. (2004). The challenges to the future of community policing. In L. Fridell and M.A. Wycoff (Eds.), Community policing: The past, present, and future (pp. 193-205). Washington, DC: Anne E. Casey Foundation and Police Executive Research Forum.

  18. In-text – Chapter in Edited Book • In-text direct quote: (Stephens, 2004, p. 200) • In-text paraphrase: (Stephens, 2004)

  19. No author • Webster’s ninth new collegiate dictionary (9th ed.). (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. • In-text direct quote: (Webster’s ninth new collegiate dictionary, 1988, p. 24) • In-text paraphrase: (Webster’s ninth new collegiate dictionary, 1988)

  20. Book – No Author • Business leadership: A Jossey-Bass reader. (2003). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.

  21. Journal Article • Richardson, D.S. & Hammock, G.S. (2007). Social context of human aggression: Are we paying too much attention to gender? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(4), 417-426. • In-text direct quote: (Richardson & Hammock, 2007, p. 419) • In-text paraphrase: (Richardson & Hammock, 2007)

  22. Journal Article – print version • Zittrain, J. (2007). Saving the Internet. Harvard Business Review, 85(6), 49- 59. • In-text direct quote: (Zittrain, 2007, p. 50) • In-text paraphrase: (Zittrain, 2007)

  23. Journal Article – More than 6 Authors • Include first 6 authors then et al. • Wolchik, S.A., West, S.G., Sandler, I.N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother- child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843-856.

  24. More than 6 Authors – In-Text Citations • First & subsequent in-text direct quotes: • (Wolchik et al., 2000, p. 845) • First & subsequent in-text paraphrase: • (Wolchik, et al., 2000)

  25. Newsletter Article – no author • Treatment for anxiety can promote healing. (2007, June). Mind, Mood & Memory, 3(6) pp. 1, 6. • In-text direct quote: (“Treatment for anxiety,” 2007, p. 1) • In-text paraphrase: (“Treatment for anxiety,” 2007) • (Reference List alphabetize by first word of title)

  26. Newspaper Article • Rolfsen, C. (2007, June 4). High streamflow advisory for Fraser. Vancouver Sun, pp. B1, B4. • In-text direct quote: (Rolfsen, 2007, p. B4) • In-text paraphrase: (Rolfsen, 2007) • Kirkey, S. (2007, June 4). Hostility may be harder on lungs than lighting up. Vancouver Sun, p. A3.

  27. Newspaper Article • Dailies & Weeklies: include Year, Month Day (e.g. 2008, July 8) • note that p. or pp. is used to indicate page number(s) for newspaper articles

  28. Government Document • This is an example of a Government Document where the Author & the Publisher are the same • Statistics Canada. (2003). Child and spousal support, maintenance enforcement survey statistics. (Cat No. 85-228-XIE). Ottawa, ON: Author.

  29. ONLINE RESOURCES in your Reference List How to cite material that you locate on the Internet

  30. Journal Article from Database • Kerfoot, K. (2007). Staff engagement: It starts with the leader. Nursing Economics, 25(1), 47-48. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. • In-text direct quote: (Kerfoot, 2007, p. 47) • In-text paraphrase: (Kerfoot, 2007)

  31. Journal Article from Database • Meyer, S. (2007). We need a joined-up system. Adults Learning, 18(7), 26-27. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. • In-text direct quote: (Meyer, 2007, p. 27) • In-text paraphrase: (Meyer, 2007)

  32. Online Article from Journal Website • This refers to articles that are located on their own websites; NOT in the Article Indexes & Databases • In-text, see Print Examples

  33. Online Article from Journal Website • If downloading & citing PDF copy: • Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice Management, 14(3), 33-35. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.pdf

  34. Online Article from Journal Website • If citing HTML full-text: • Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice Management, 14(3), (n.p.). Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.html • (note: no pages included on HTML document)

  35. Online Article – No Pagination • Koenigsberg, M.R., Bartlett, D., & Cramer, J.S. (2004). Facilitating treatment adherence with lifestyle changes in diabetes. American Family Physician, 69(2), (n.p.). Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040115/309. html

  36. Online Article – No Paginationcontinued • In-text direct quote: (Fredrickson, 2000, ¶5) OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section, para 1) • In-text paraphrase: (Fredrickson, 2000) OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section) • (note: you may use page number, paragraph number, or heading title depending on the format of the document –e.g. HTML or PDF)

  37. Online Government Document • Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada. (2007, March 31). Visiting Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/visit/ index.asp (note: if the Agency is well-known, it is not necessary to add Canada before the Agency name)

  38. Online Gov’t Document cont’d • In-text direct quote: (Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2007, para. 2) • In-text paraphrase: (Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2007)

  39. Document retrieved from website • United Nations Development Program. (2002). Human development report. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/ en/ • In-text direct quote: (UNDP, 2002, p. 54) • In-text paraphrase: (UNDP, 2002)

  40. Document Retrieved from Website • United Nations Development Program. (2007). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/publications/ annualreport2007/

  41. Entire Website • If you refer to an entire website, you only need to give the URL directly in the text of your document • You do NOT need to include it in your Reference List • For example, visit the JIBC website (http://www.jibc.ca/) for Program and Course information • However, if you are referring to specific documents or sections on a website follow procedures as listed in previous examples

  42. NOT PRINT? NOT ONLINE? Here is how to cite those “other” sources in your Reference List

  43. Videos or DVDs • Gandy, D. (Producer). (2003). Cardiac emergencies [Videotape]. Carrollton, TX: FETN. • In-text direct quote: (Gandy, 2003) • In-text paraphrase: (Gandy, 2003)

  44. Radio Broadcast • Murrow, E. R. (1940, September 13). [Radio broadcast]. New York: WCBS. • In-text direct quote: Murrow (1940) “…” OR “…” (Murrow, 1940) • In-text paraphrase: Murrow (1940) … OR ….. (Murrow, 1940)

  45. Video Weblog post • For example, Youtube videos • Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja 83KLQXZs • In-text – direct or paraphrase (Norton, 2006)

  46. Listservs • Refer to as electronic mailing lists • Booker, M.E. (2007, May 7). Re: APA Citation. Message posted to the ALA – Information Literacy ILI-L electronic mailing list, archived at http://lists.ala.org/wws/info/ili-l • If you don’t know where the list is archived, leave blank • In-text: (Booker, 2007) or Booker (2007) ….

  47. Blog Posting • bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind. Message posted to http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/

  48. Personal CommunicationsE-mail, Interviews, Lectures • Only include as an “in-text” citation • Will not appear in your Reference List • Direct quote: “…..” (R.V. Camper, personal communication, July 19, 2007) … • Paraphrase: R.V. Camper (personal communication, July 19, 2007) noted that….

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