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Chinese hegemony in East Asia : China, Korea, Japan

Chinese hegemony in East Asia : China, Korea, Japan. Post Classical Age 600-1200. East Asia. Pacific Ocean. Southeast Asia. Using maps to understand historical development…. What happened politically within China after the crisis of late antiquity?. 2 CE. 262 CE.

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Chinese hegemony in East Asia : China, Korea, Japan

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  1. Chinese hegemony in East Asia: China, Korea, Japan Post Classical Age 600-1200

  2. East Asia Pacific Ocean Southeast Asia

  3. Using maps to understand historical development… What happened politically within China after the crisis of late antiquity?

  4. 2CE

  5. 262 CE

  6. After the Crisis of Late Antiquity… Collapse of Han 220 CE Regional kingdoms No support for Chinese traditions Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle Confucian Scholarship, Civil Service, bureaucracy Survival, Prosperity, Leadership?… Military Aristocratic Wealthy landowners

  7. Dunhuang • Buddhist Beginnings… • Silk Roads (2nd Century BCE) • West China – Buddhist communities/monasteries • Dunhuang (4th Century)

  8. Appeal / Adaptability • Morality & Salvation &Intellectual sophistication • Monastic communities • Aid to community • Mahayana Sect built hundreds of monasteries throughout China • Similarities to ethnic Chinese beliefs • DharmalikeDao (path, route) • Nirvana like Wuwei (action w/out action) Why was Buddhism so popular? • Why not other faiths/ beliefs ? • ‘Failure’ of Confucianism • Little Attraction to… • Christianity, Islam & Zoroastrianism

  9. Out of the Crises of Late Antiquity, and into the Post Classical Age… Re-establishing the Chinese Tradition Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties

  10. 6th C CE

  11. The Grand Canal Today • Sui Dynasty (589-618) • 30 year centralization of power • Built infrastructure (defensive walls, Grand Canal) • Enormous demands on subjects (taxes, labor)

  12. Chinese Dynasties of the Post Classical Age 618-960 Military origins Claimed mandate Re-established civil service Military expansion Infrastructure & Urbanization ‘equal field distribution’ 960-1279 Extensive imperial bureaucracy Expanded civil service Confucian training Reduced military strength Boundaries shift South SONG TANG Financial & Military weakness, Nomads & Mongols from North Rebellion, Turkish encroachment, Warlords

  13. TANG-ABASSID SILK ROADS KOREA - tributary state VIETNAM-- tributary state What do the boundaries of the Empire suggest about its rule ?

  14. Peak of Power 10th C 11th C

  15. 12th Century

  16. Tang Taizong • 2nd , but most renowned emperor of Tang

  17. Song Taizu , 1st Emperor

  18. What impact did the spread of the Buddhist faith have on its practices? In what way do these influences support the universalizing element of Buddhism? How did the re-emergence of traditional Chinese traditions, and specifically Confucianism, impact the growth and power of Buddhism?

  19. Hangzhou, China Buddha Jayanti in India Adaptation of the Buddha

  20. Bodhisattva Mahayana Buddhism Syncretism The Buddha Represented in Japan Chinese Reaction?

  21. Buddhist Backlash: • Buddhist Challenge to Traditions • Practical / metaphysical • Family / Monastic life • Economically harmful • Foreign origins (not a Chinese philosophy) Return to Chinese traditions – resistance to foreign ideas & influences • Actively supported native Chinese cultural traditions • Study of classical texts • Government subsidized & disseminated Confucian writings • Confucian scholars drew inspiration from Buddhism • Philosophic principles as they apply to everyday life – the metaphysical

  22. Neo-Confucianism A Chinese Renaissance: Reassert traditional Chinese (Han) traditions… with fervor and purpose

  23. Empress Wu • Tang Era • 7th Century • State supported Buddhism • Late 9th Century Buddhist forced closure of monasteries (Wuzong) • Forced expulsion of Buddhists and Christians • Assertion of male-dominance • Eliminate monasteries as an option for females • education & civil service reserved for men

  24. Gender: Increasingly Patriarchal Structure • Return to Confucian Ideal • Desire to preserve family fortunes • increased veneration of ancestors • Importance of male role in family • Foot Binding • Upper-class women • Sign of status • Attraction • Control movement

  25. Foot binding: the Golden Lotus

  26. Artistic Creativity: A Golden Age? Genres: poetry, painting • THEMES: everyday life (children & family), delights of natural world, intense interest in nature, court paintings Purpose: teach moral lessons, explore philosophical ideas, scholarly pursuit

  27. Reunification promotes growth… Economy Prosperity China: Tang & Song Period

  28. Tang-Abbasid Silk Road

  29. Song-era Junk

  30. 6th C CE • Increasing degree of trade, internal & external… • Regional interdependence, Silk roads & South China Sea to Indian Ocean

  31. Demographic Impact of Prosperity • Population Growth • 600 45 million people • 1200 115 million people • Urbanization • Chang’an 2 million residents (Tang) • Hangzhou 1 million residents (Southern Song) • Most cities - 100,000s people • Cosmopolitan centers (Abbasid, Byzantine, Indian) • Restaurants, taverns, craft stores, music halls, theaters

  32. Ch’ang-an • Imperial city • Administrative Center • Parks • Urban planning • Cosmopolitan • Daoism • Buddhism • Christian

  33. Growth & Prosperity • agricultural productivity • Technological & Industrial development • NEW TECHNIQUES heavy iron plows, oxen, water buffalo, fertilizers , composted organic matter, extensive irrigation, terraced mountainsides • FAST-RIPENING RICE (two harvests yearly) • PORCELAIN higher quality- lighter, thinner, more adaptable • METALLURGY 10-fold increase, military & agriculture • GUNPOWDER 11th Century – primitive bombs • PRINTING (block) – facilitates diffusion of new technologies • NAVAL TECHNOLOGY magnetic compass, watertight bulkheads

  34. Terrace Farming

  35. Block printing

  36. SONG DYNASTY BLACK GLAZED PORCELAIN BOTTLE VASEChina, Northern Song Dynasty, 11th-12th Centuries

  37. EconomicOrder, Fluidity & Institutions • Government involvement? Regulation for military & political purposes iron, silk, salt • Exchange of Money? Printed money - Currency (promissory notes, state authorized – 1024) Emergence of a Market Economy

  38. Chinese Hegemony and the expansion of East Asian Civilization Korea & Japan

  39. East Asia Pacific Ocean Southeast Asia

  40. Koryo Dynasty (918-1392) Korea • 3 Kingdoms Period, 37 CE • Korea united – • Silla Dynasty 668 • Tributary state to Tang Dynasty Timeline Comparison

  41. Chinese Influences Trade & technology Bureaucracy Confucian Education Buddhism (Chan) Urban planning (Kumsong– capital) Architecture - pagoda Maintain unique Identity System of inherited ranks (aristocracy) Hangul (alphabet to reflect Korean language) Artisanry: Korean Celadon pottery Block Printing Cultural Borrowing

  42. Koryo pagoda in the Koryo capital of Songdo ( 松都) modern day KaesongAdapted from Buddhist Stupa

  43. The bottle on the left is Korean celadon from the early 12th century, Koryo Dynasty. The bottle on the right is late 11th to early 12th century Chinese celadon.

  44. Japan Original inhabitants…nomads from Northeast Asia Waves of migrants from Korea brought cultivation of rice, metallurgy & horses By 500, an increasing population brought competition Small states dominated by aristocratic clans Yamato Clan prominent

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