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The Civil Rights Era

The Civil Rights Era.

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The Civil Rights Era

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  1. The Civil Rights Era USHC-8.1 Analyze the African American Civil Rights Movement, including initial strategies, landmark court cases and legislation, the roles of key civil rights advocates and the media, and the influence of the Civil Rights Movement on other groups seeking equality.

  2. AIM • To understand the African-American struggle for civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s.

  3. “What color does a person have to be?” • What does “Colored” actually mean? How did you come to that meaning? • Jim Crow Laws • What was the main goal of these laws? • Demean, suppress, and keep separate • “Separate but Equal” • Was this the case? • Laws challenged • 1950’s and 1960’s • How were they challenged? What were the consequences of challenging these types of laws?

  4. AIM • TLW explain how legalized segregation deprived African-Americans of their rights as citizens. • TLW summarize civil rights legal activity including the response to the Plessy and Brown cases.

  5. Vocabulary • Segregation-the separation of people on the basis of race • Desegregation-end of segregation • Jim Crow Laws-laws enacted by Southern states and local government to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

  6. Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson • Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation • In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional • Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races • Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites

  7. Challenging Segregation in the Courtroom • The NAACP Legal Strategy • Professor Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP legal campaign • Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education • Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall • win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court • Brown v. Board of Education • Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation

  8. Reaction to Brown • Resistance to School Desegregation • Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate • Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist • Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed” • Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible

  9. Questions to ponder…(Exit Slip 3/20/12) • Is/Was there any way that separate educational facilities could ever be considered equal? • How important is education to achieving opportunities?

  10. AIM • TLW explain how legalized segregation deprived African-Americans of their rights as citizens. • TLW summarize civil rights legal activity including the response to the Plessy and Brown cases. • Sub-objective: Analyze political cartoons and photographs to understand the response to the Brown case.

  11. ***Making connections… • Do you believe that rejection is a key part of discrimination? • Can you recall a time when you felt rejected by friends or peers? • What feelings were associate with your rejection?

  12. Brown Vs. Board of Ed. Review • Segregation in Education is NOT Equal! • All schools will be integrated, not just the Topeka School District. • President Eisenhower did not want to force this, but some events made cause for intervention. • Were the schools integrated in a timely fashion? Why or why not? • What region of the country do you think resisted integration in the schools?

  13. Exit Slip • How did the Brown decision affect the cause of civil rights? • Did this court case decision effectively end segregation? Why or why not?

  14. Review: Effects of Brown • How did the Brown decision affect schools outside of Topeka? • Why weren’t school in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision? • What was the historical impact of the Brown decision?

  15. AIM • TLW analyze initial strategies used in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. • TLW analyze the role of media in the Civil Rights Movement. • Sub-objective: • Making connections and relating to media/text to better understand the Civil Rights Movement.

  16. Think about… • What motivates a person to defy authority and risk jail? • Why would a whole community organize a boycott? • What can happen when enough people defy authority? • How can we categorize demonstrations that took place during the American Civil Rights movement?

  17. Vocabulary • Boycott— refusal to have dealings with (like a store, restaurant, person, organization) • Sit-Ins— demonstration used to protest discrimination, sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until served • Freedom riders— activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to challenge segregation

  18. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • Boycotting Segregation • 1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus • Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott • Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr. leader • Walking for Justice • African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk • Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites • 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation What kind of demonstration was this?

  19. Demonstrating for Freedom • SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy • Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins: - refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served • First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV • In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North • Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states

  20. Riding for Freedom • (Congress of Racial Equality) CORE’s Freedom Rides • 1961, CORE tests Court decision banning interstate bus segregation • Freedom riders—blacks, whites sit, use station facilities together • Riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed If bus segregation was ban, why did these riders take these bus trips?

  21. Freedom Summer • Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in MS • Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned

  22. AIM • TLW analyze the role of media in the Civil Rights Movement.

  23. Media Fannie Lou Hammer’s speech to the Democratic National Convention 1964 Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas 1957 TV Coverage of Civil Rights Movement The Greensboro Sit-In Feb. 1960 The Selma March 1965

  24. Media • What part did the media play in the Civil Rights Movement? • What effect do you think television coverage of events such as integration in Little Rock have on the nation? Effects of Media on the Civil Rights Movement

  25. Exit Slip • Can you recall a time when you or someone you know took an unpopular stand? Explain the situation, motivation, and results. How is this similar to the civil rights activists’ stand? • How did freedom riders expose Southern resistance to desegregation rulings?

  26. AIM • Analyze the African American Civil Rights Movement including the roles of key civil rights advocates. • TLW analyze key legislation during the Civil Rights Movement.

  27. Vocabulary • De facto segregation- racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law • De jure segregation- a racial separation established by law

  28. Example: MLK Jr. • Tactics • Non-violent “soul force” • Civil Disobedience • non-violent protests, demonstrations, boycotts • Organizations • NAACP (National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People) • Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Legacy • “Letter from Birmingham Jail” • “I Have a Dream” • Non-violence • Greatest Contribution • King used nonviolence to advocate for equal rights.

  29. Exit SlipFill in the spider diagram with examples of organizations, leaders, and Supreme Court decisions of the civil rights movement up to 1960. Supreme Court Decisions Organizations Challenging Segregation Leaders Tactics

  30. AIM • TLW analyze key legislation during the Civil Rights Movement.

  31. Civil Rights Act of 1957 • 1st Civil Rights law since Reconstruction • Gave the attorney general greater power over school desegregation • Gave the federal government jurisdiction (authority) over violations of African-American voting rights.

  32. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. • All citizens had the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.

  33. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters • Stated federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied by local officials.

  34. Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Ended discrimination in housing • “Fair Housing Act” • Prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, financing, or advertising of housing… • Illegal to refuse to sell or negotiate!

  35. Vocabulary • Affirmative action-involved making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination • Polarization-separation into opposite camps

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