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Law of Initial Values (Wilder, 1962)

Law of Initial Values (Wilder, 1962). Intensity and duration of drug effect depends on the baseline Methylphenidate reduces hyperactivity in persons with high levels of basal activity but increases it in those with low levels Regression-to-the mean effects? placebo controls.

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Law of Initial Values (Wilder, 1962)

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  1. Law of Initial Values(Wilder, 1962) • Intensity and duration of drug effect depends on the baseline • Methylphenidate reduces hyperactivity in persons with high levels of basal activity but increases it in those with low levels • Regression-to-the mean effects? • placebo controls

  2. What Determines Baseline? • Cognitive demands • Individual differences • Genetics • Gender • Age

  3. Yerkes-Dodson Law 1908 • As arousal increases performance increases. At some point increased arousal leads to decreased performance. • As arousal increases there is a reduction of cues to regulate performance (narrowing of attentional focus). • There is also increased distractibility (increased attentional shifts)

  4. Arousal, Complexity, and Learning

  5. State and Trait Anxiety • State anxiety varies from second to second and from task to task. • Trait anxiety characterizes an individual’s general tendency to worry.

  6. Neurochemistry of prefrontal function - effects on attention, memory Cools and Robbins, 2004 Seamans and Yang, 2004

  7. NA-Behavior Relationship

  8. Are the extremes functional? • Delayed response task • Requires focused attention • Is affected when distractibility increases • Attentional set-shifting • Requires flexible attention • Improves when distractibility increases

  9. Neuromodulation • signal-to-noise • switching • burst/single spike • oscillations

  10. Neuromodulators alter intrinsic properties of networks Marder and Thilumalai, 2002

  11. Modulation of spinal locomotor circuit Le Beau et al., 2005

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