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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Interest Groups Interest Groups Interest Group Strategies Types of Interest Groups Regulating Interest Groups ] Elements of Successful Interest Groups Interest Groups Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Political Parties Interest Groups(continued) The Two-Party System The History of Political Parties Party Functions ] Party Organization Interest Groups Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Minor Political Parties Interest Groups(continued) Modern Political Parties ] Interest Groups Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

7. Interest Groups > Interest Groups Interest Groups • The Constitutional Right to Petition the Government • Interest Groups • Organization of Interest Groups • The Characteristics of Members • Motivations Behind the Formation of Interest Groups • The Function of Interest Groups • Interest Groups vs. Political Parties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/interest-groups-47/

8. Interest Groups > Interest Group Strategies Interest Group Strategies • Direct Lobbying • Direct Techniques • Indirect Techniques • Cultivating Access • Mobilizing Public Opinion • Using Electoral Politics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/interest-group-strategies-48/

9. Interest Groups > Types of Interest Groups Types of Interest Groups • Business and Economic Interest Groups • Labor Interest Groups • Professional Interest Groups • Agricultural Interest Groups • Environmental Interest Groups • Consumer Interest Groups • Ideological Interest Groups • Public Interest Groups • Single-Issue Interest Groups • Governmental Interest Groups Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/types-of-interest-groups-49/

10. Interest Groups > Regulating Interest Groups Regulating Interest Groups • Regulating Congressional Lobbyists • Regulating Executive Branch Lobbyists • Results of the 1946 Act • The Reforms of 1995 • Lobbying Scandals and the Reforms of 2007 • Obama vs. the Lobbyists? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/regulating-interest-groups-50/

11. Interest Groups > Elements of Successful Interest Groups Elements of Successful Interest Groups • Size and Resources • Leadership • Cohesiveness • Members Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/elements-of-successful-interest-groups-52/

12. Interest Groups > Political Parties Political Parties • Political Parties • Interest Groups • Party Identification Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/political-parties-53/

13. Interest Groups > The Two-Party System The Two-Party System • The Two-Party System • The Republican Party • The Democratic Party Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/the-two-party-system-54/

14. Interest Groups > The History of Political Parties The History of Political Parties • The First Political Parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists • Political Parties from 1800–1824 • Jacksonian Democrats: 1824–1860 • The Golden Age: 1860–1932 • The Modern Era of Political Parties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/the-history-of-political-parties-55/

15. Interest Groups > Party Functions Party Functions • Hosting Conventions • Selecting Candidates • Organizing Campaigns and Elections • Informing the Public • Checking the Power of the Governing Party • Uniting Competing Factions Within the Party • Coordinating and Promoting Party Policy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/party-functions-56/

16. Interest Groups > Party Organization Party Organization • Party Organization • National Convention • The National Party Organization • State and Local Party Organization • Congressional Campaign Committees • The Party in Government Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/party-organization-57/

17. Interest Groups > Minor Political Parties Minor Political Parties • The Role of Third Parties • Ideological Third Parties and Splinter Parties • The Impact of Minor Parties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/minor-political-parties-58/

18. Interest Groups > Modern Political Parties Modern Political Parties • Red States vs. Blue States • Party Realignments, Dealignments, and Tipping • The Rise of Independents Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/

19. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Interest Groups Key terms • accessA way or means of approaching or entering; an entrance; a passage. • advocacy groupAn advocacy group is a group or an organization that tries to influence the government but does not hold power in the government. • advocacy groupsAdvocacy groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. • advocacy groupsAdvocacy groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. • Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). • anti-defamation organizationsAnti-defamation organizations issue responses or criticisms to real or supposed slights of any sort by an individual or group against a specific segment of the population that the organization exists to represent. • Anti-FederalistsOpponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and a strong central government. • appointeea person who is appointed • arbitrationA process through which two or more parties use an arbitrator or arbiter (an impartial third party) in order to resolve a dispute. • ballot access lawsStatutes governing whether a candidate will be listed on a state election ballot, which may require fees or signed petitions. • Bill of RightsThe collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. • Blue Dog CoalitionThe Blue Dog Coalition, a caucus of fiscal and social conservatives and moderates forms part of the Democratic Party's current faction of conservative Democrats. They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past, giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation and broker compromises with the Republican Party's leadership Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Interest Groups • blue stateA state of the United States voting Democratic in a given election, or tending to vote Democratic in general. • business groupa collection of parent and subsidiary companies that function as a single economic entity through a common source of control • caucusA meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. • caucusA meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. • chairpersonsNational Committees are the national policy creators of each party. Chairpersons are usually selected by the president of the party in power and the party national committee chooses the chairperson for the other party. • checks and balancesA system for multiple parties wherein each has some control over the actions of each of the others. • city councilA governing body of people elected to oversee management of a city and represent the interests of residents. • collective goodsitems and resourcses that benefit everyone, and from which people cannot be excluded • congressional caucusa group of members of the United States Congress that meets to pursue common legislative objectives • constituenciesinterest groups or fan bases • craft unionismCraft unionism refers to organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level. • DealignmentDealignment is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation, without developing a new one to replace it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

22. Interest Groups • delegateA person authorized to act as representative for another; in politics, a party representative allocated to nominate a party candidate. • delegateA person authorized to act as representative for another; in politics, a party representative allocated to nominate a party candidate. • democratic congressional campaign committeeThe Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is the Democratic Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Democrats to that body. • Democratic National CommitteeThe national leadership of the Democratic Party that is responsible for promoting the Democratic political platform and coordinating fundraising and election strategies • Democratic PartyThe Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States. • direct actionA form of political activism, in which participants act directly, ignoring established political procedures. This is often (but not always) accomplished by means of strikes, workplace occupations, sabotage, sit-ins, squatting, revolutionary/guerrilla warfare, demonstrations, vandalism, or graffiti. • direct lobbyingDirect lobbying refers to methods used by lobbyists to influence legislative bodies through direct communication with members of the legislative body, or with a government official who formulates legislation. • direct lobbyingDirect lobbying refers to methods used by lobbyists to influence legislative bodies through direct communication with members of the legislative body, or with a government official who formulates legislation. • direct lobbyingDirect lobbying refers to methods used by lobbyists to influence legislative bodies through direct communication with members of the legislative body, or with a government official who formulates legislation. • direct lobbyingDirect lobbying in the United States consists of methods used by lobbyists to influence U.S. legislative bodies through direct interaction with those who have influence on the legislature. • disclosureThe act of revealing something • disclosureThe act of revealing something Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

23. Interest Groups • divided governmentA situation in which one political party controls the White House while another party controls the majority of the Congress • divided governmentA situation in which one political party controls the White House while another party controls the majority of the Congress • electoral collegeA body of electors empowered to elect someone to a particular office • electoral politicsAn election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. • employers' organizationAn employers' organization is an association of employers. • environmental racismEnvironmental racism is inequality — in the form of racism linked with environmental factors and practices — that causes disproportionate distress on minority communities. • ethnic interest groupAn ethnic interest group, according to the political scientist Thomas Ambrosio, is an advocacy group established along cultural, ethnic, religious or racial lines by an ethnic group for the purposes of directly or indirectly influencing the foreign policy of their resident country in support of the homeland and/or ethnic kin abroad with which they identify. • executive branchThe branch of government that oversees the carrying out of the laws, led by the president. • executive branchThe branch of government that oversees the carrying out of the laws, led by the president. • expressive incentiveAn expressive incentive is another basic type of incentive or benefit offered to being a member of an interest group. People who join an interest group because of expressive benefits likely joined to express an ideological or moral value that they believe in. Some include free speech, civil rights, economic justice, or political equality. • federalistSupporters of ratification of the U.S. Constitution • First AmendmentThe first of ten amendments to the constitution of the United States, which protects freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and the press. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

24. Interest Groups • free market economic systemA market where the price of a good or service is, in theory, determined by supply and demand, rather than by governmental regulation • free riderOne who obtains benefit from a public good without paying for it directly. • free riderIn economics, collective bargaining, psychology and political science, "free riders" are those who consume more than their fair share of a resource, or shoulder less than a fair share of the costs of its production. Free riding is usually considered to be an economic "problem" only when it leads to the non-production or under-production of a public good (and thus to Pareto inefficiency), or when it leads to the excessive use of a common property resource. The free rider problem is the question of how to prevent free riding from taking place (or at least limit its negative effects) in these situations. • grassroots lobbyingA process that uses direct communication with the general public, which, in turn, contacts and influences the government. • greenwashA false or misleading picture of environmental friendliness used to conceal or obscure damaging activities. • groupthinkA process of reasoning or decision-making by a group, especially one characterized by uncritical acceptance or conformity to a perceived majority view. • hill committeesThe Hill committees are the common name for political party committees that work to elect members of their own party to United States Congress ("Hill" refers to Capitol Hill, where the seat of Congress, the Capitol, is located). • Honest Leadership and Open Government ActThe Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, signed September 15, 2007 by President Bush, requires a quarterly report on lobby spending, places restrictions on gifts to Congress members, provides for mandatory disclosure of earmarks in expenditure bills, and places restrictions on the revolving door in direct lobbying. • house ethics rulesThe Committee on Ethics, often known simply as the Ethics Committee, is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives. Prior to the 112th Congress it was known as the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct. • ideologyDoctrine, philosophy, body of beliefs or principles belonging to an individual or group. • incentiveSomething that motivates, rouses, or encourages. • independentA candidate or voter not affiliated with any political party, a free thinker, free of a party platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

25. Interest Groups • indirect lobbyingEfforts to influence Congress indirectly by trying to change public opinion. These efforts depend on the fact that politicians must frequently appeal to the public during regular election cycles. • indirect lobbyingGrassroots lobbying, or indirect lobbying, is a form of lobbying that focuses on raising awareness in the general population of a particular cause at the local level, with the intention of influencing the legislative process. • Industrial UnionismIndustrial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations. • interest groupCollections of members with shared knowledge, status, or goals. In many cases, these groups advocate for particular political or social issues. • interest groupAn interest group is any voluntary association that seeks to publicly promote and create advantages for its cause. • interest groupCollections of members with shared knowledge, status, or goals. In many cases, these groups advocate for particular political or social issues. • interest groupCollections of members with shared knowledge, status, or goals. In many cases, these groups advocate for particular political or social issues. • interest groupCollections of members with shared knowledge, status, or goals. In many cases, these groups advocate for particular political or social issues. • interest groupsThe term interest group refers to virtually any voluntary association that seeks to publicly promote and create advantages for its cause. It applies to a vast array of diverse organizations. This includes corporations, charitable organizations, civil rights groups, neighborhood associations, and professional and trade associations. • issue networkan alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a single concern in government policy • laissez-fairean economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression • legal defense fundsLegal defense funds provide funding for the legal defense for, or legal action against, individuals or groups related to their specific interests or target demographic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

26. Interest Groups • legislative bodiesLegislative bodies are a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend and repeal laws. • legislative branchThe branch of government which is concerned with the making of laws; made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate, collectively known as the Congress • LiberalsSocial liberals (modern liberals) and progressives constitute roughly half of the Democratic voter base. A large majority of liberals favor universal health care, with many supporting a single-payer system, diplomacy over military action, stem cell research, legalization of same-sex marriage, secular government, stricter gun control, and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights. Immigration and cultural diversity is deemed positive; liberals favor cultural pluralism, a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture. • Likert ScaleThe Likert Scale is a 7 point scale to measure party identification that goes from Strong Democrat to Strong Republican. • LincolnAbraham Lincoln, President of the United States during the Civil War and first Republican President. • linkage institutionsLinkage institutions provide a way for people to get involved in government and the political process. • lobbyTo attempt to influence (a public official or decision-maker) in favor of a specific opinion or cause. • lobby groupsThe act of attempting to persuade a group of people that influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. • lobbyingLobbying (also lobby) is the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. • lobbyingLobbying (also lobby) is the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. • lobbyingLobbying (also to lobby) is the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government. Lobbying is done by many different types of people and organized groups including individuals in the private sector, corporations, fellow legislators or government officials, and advocacy groups (interest groups). • lobbyingLobbying (also lobby) is the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

27. Interest Groups • Lobbying Disclosure ActThe Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 signed into law by President Bill Clinton was revised in 2006 to require the registration of all lobbying entities to occur shortly after the individual lobbyist makes a first plan to lobby any highly ranked federal official. • lobbyistA person remunerated to persuade (to lobby) politicians to vote in a certain way or otherwise use their office to effect a desired result. • lobbyistA person remunerated to persuade (to lobby) politicians to vote in a certain way or otherwise use their office to effect a desired result. • lobbyistA person remunerated to persuade (to lobby) politicians to vote in a certain way or otherwise use their office to effect a desired result. • loopholeA method of escape, especially an ambiguity or exception in a rule that can be exploited in order to avoid its effect. • majority governmentA majority government is a government formed by a governing party that has an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or parliament in a parliamentary system. This is as opposed to a minority government, where even the largest party wins only a plurality of seats and thus must constantly bargain for support from other parties in order to pass legislation and avoid being defeated on motions of no confidence. • majority partythe party in a two-party political system that typically holds more than 50% of the seats in the legislature • mancur lloyd olsonMancur Lloyd Olson, a leading American economist, sought to understand the logical basis of interest group membership and participation. In his first book, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (1965), he theorized that "only a separate and ‘selective' incentive will stimulate a rational individual in a latent group to act in a group-oriented way"; that is, members of a large group will not act in the group's common interest unless motivated by personal gains. • mediaMeans and institutions for publishing and broadcasting information. • media campaignAn attempt to influence public opinion using television, radio, internet, and print advertisements. • national republican congressional committeeThe National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) is the Republican Hill committee which works to elect Republicans to the United States House of Representatives. • New DealThe New Deal was a series of economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

28. Interest Groups • New FederalismNew Federalism is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states. • NonpartisanIn a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. • occupational organizationsOccupational organizations promote the professional and economic interests of workers in a particular occupation, industry, or trade, through interaction with the government, and by preparing advertising and other promotional campaigns to the public. • PACsA political action committee (PAC) is any organization in the United States that campaigns for or against political candidates, ballot initiatives or legislation. • partisanAn adherent to a party or faction. • party identificationParty identification refers to the political party with which an individual identifies. Party identification is usually determined by which political party the individual most commonly supports, through voting or other means. • Party identifiersParty identifiers (partisans) could be described by their support in the following ways: they register as a member of the particular party, they show a strong tendency to vote for candidates in their preferred party, when surveyed, they identify themselves as members of that particular party, they are inclined to support policies endorsed by the particular party, they volunteer for campaigns to support party candidates more than the general population, and they have a higher voter turnout in primary elections than the general population. • party platformA statement of principles and purpose issued by a political party. • plankA political issue that is of concern to a faction or a party of the people and the political position that is taken on that issue. • planksPlanks refer to the goals and proposals in the platform of a political party. • platformA political stance on a broad set of issues, which are called planks. • platformA political stance on a broad set of issues, which are called planks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

29. Interest Groups • platformA political stance on a broad set of issues, which are called planks. • pluralismA social system based on mutual respect for each other's cultures among various groups that make up a society, wherein subordinate groups do not have to forsake their lifestyle and traditions and can express their culture and participate in the larger society free of prejudice. • political partyA political organization that subscribes to a certain ideology and seeks to attain political power through representation in government. • political partyA political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision, bolstered by a written platform with specific goals, forming a coalition among disparate interests. • political strategistA consultant who advises and assists political campaigns. • presidential nominating conventionConvention in which presidential and vice presidential candidates are determined, party platforms are established, and rules governing the election cycle are adopted. The most influential presidential nominating conventions include the Democratic and Republican National Conventions. • presidential nominating conventionConvention in which presidential and vice presidential candidates are determined, party platforms are established, and rules governing the election cycle are adopted. The most influential presidential nominating conventions include the Democratic and Republican National Conventions. • presidential nominating conventionConvention in which presidential and vice presidential candidates are determined, party platforms are established, and rules governing the election cycle are adopted. The most influential presidential nominating conventions include the Democratic and Republican National Conventions. • presidential nominating conventionsConventions in which presidential and vice presidential candidates are determined, party platforms are established, and rules governing the election cycle are adopted; the most influential presidential nominating conventions include the Democratic and Republican National Conventions • primaryA primary election; a preliminary election to select a political candidate of a political party. • primaryA primary election; a preliminary election to select a political candidate of a political party. • professionsA job, especially one requiring a high level of skill or training. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

30. Interest Groups • provisionA clause in a legal instrument, a law, etc., providing for a particular matter and/or stipulation. • public interest groupa group concerned with the common well-being or general welfare of the population • public opinionThe opinion of the public, the popular view. • purposive incentiveA purposive incentive refers to a benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle; people who join because of these are usually passionate about the cause or principle. • RealignmentRealignment means the coming to power for several decades of a new coalition, replacing an old dominant coalition of the other party. • ReconstructionA period in U.S. history from 1865 to 1877, during which the nation tried to resolve the status of the ex-Confederate states, the ex-Confederate leaders, and the Freedmen (ex-slaves) after the American Civil War. • recusalAn act of recusing. To remove oneself from a decision/judgment because of a conflict of interest. • red stateA state of the United States voting Republican in a given election, or tending to vote Republican in general. • regulationA law or administrative rule, issued by an organization, used to guide or prescribe the conduct of members of that organization; can specifically refer to acts in which a government or state body limits the behavior of businesses. • republicanAdvocating or supporting a republic as a form of government. • Republican National CommitteeThe national leadership of the Republic Party that is responsible for promoting the Republic political platform and coordinating fundraising and election strategies • Republican PartyThe Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

31. Interest Groups • revolving doorThe movement between roles as legislators and regulators become lobbyists • rolling roll call of the statesan alphabetical calling of the states during a presidential nominating convention to either declare its delegate count or pass • scopeThe breadth, depth or reach of a subject; a domain. • selective material benefitsSelective material benefits are benefits that are usually given in monetary benefits. For instance, if an interest group gives a material benefit to their member, they could give them travel discounts, free meals at certain restaurants, or free subscriptions to magazines, newspapers, or journals. • Single Dominant PartyIn single dominant, or single-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. • social cohesionThe bonds or "glue" that maintain stability in society. • social movementA large, informal grouping of individuals or organizations which advocates for specific political or social issues. • solidaryHaving shared community interests and responsibilities. • solidary benefitA selective solidary benefit is another type of benefit offered to members or prospective members of an interest group. These incentives involve benefits like "socializing congeniality, the sense of group membership and identification, the status resulting from membership, fun and conviviality, the maintenance of social distinctions, and so on. • Special Interest GroupA Special Interest Group (SIG) is a community with an interest in advancing a specific area of knowledge, learning, or technology where members cooperate to affect or to produce solutions within their particular field and may communicate, meet, and organize conferences. At times, they may also advocate or lobby on a particular issue or on a range of issues. • spinTo present, describe, or interpret, or to introduce a bias or slant so as to give something a favorable or advantageous appearance. • strict constructionisma particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation (the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a generic term for conservatism among the judiciary) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

32. Interest Groups • Supreme CourtThe highest court in the United States. • The Democratic PartyThe Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States along with the Republican Party. Since the 1930s, the party has promoted a social liberal, social democratic and progressive platform, and its Congressional caucus is composed of progressives, liberals, centrists, and left-libertarians. • third partyA political party in opposition to the main parties in a two-party system. • third partyA political party in opposition to the main parties in a two-party system. • third partyA political party in opposition to the main parties in a two-party system. • Third Party SystemA period in American political history from about 1854 to the mid-1890s that featured profound developments in issues of nationalism, modernization, and race. • Tipping pointA tipping point is a point in time when a group —or a large number of group members— rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice. • transparency(figuratively) openness, degree of accessibility to view • two-party systemA two-party system is a system in which two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, the majority of elected offices are members of one of the two major parties. • two-party systemA two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, nearly all elected officials are members of one of the two major parties. • two-party systemA two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, nearly all elected officials are members of one of the two major parties. • two-party systemWhen two major political parties dominate in most elections and consequently dominate elected office Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

33. Interest Groups • two-party systemA two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, nearly all elected officials are members of one of the two major parties. • two-party systemA two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government and, as a result, nearly all elected officials are members of one of the two major parties. • waiverSomething that releases a person from a requirement. • watchdog groupsWatchdog groups exist to provide oversight and rating of actions or media by various outlets, both government and corporate. • Whig PartyThe Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. • Whig PartyIt is a party that was prevalent in the Jacksonian era of democracy. • Winner-Takes-AllThe winner-takes-all voting system allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat and is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single-winner voting system. • yeoman farmerYeoman refers chiefly to a free man owning his own farm. Work requiring a great deal of effort or labor, such as would be done by a yeoman farmer, came to be described as yeoman's work. Thus, yeoman became associated with hard toil. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

34. Interest Groups Closing the Revolving Door As the former Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services and lobbyist for the Podesta Group in 2009, Ellen Haas represents the revolving door phenomenon that the 2007 lobbying reforms sought to address. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Lobbying in the United States."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_StatesView on Boundless.com

35. Interest Groups Bill of Rights The First Amendment rights of free speech, freedom of association, and freedom of petition protect lobbying, including grassroots lobbying. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bill of Rights Pg1of1 AC."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Interest Groups Mobilizing Public Opinion Large health notices on tobacco products is one way in which the anti-smoking lobby and the government have tried to mobilize public opinion against smoking. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Tobacco advertising."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertisingView on Boundless.com

37. Interest Groups AIPAC Protest DC 2005 The American Israeli Public Affairs Committee is an example of an ethnic interest group. This is a photograph of a group of protesters outside the AIPAC conference at the Washington, D.C. Convention Center. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."AIPAC Protest DC 2005-a."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIPAC_Protest_DC_2005-a.JPGView on Boundless.com

38. Interest Groups George W. Bush George W. Bush's re-election campaign in 2004 was largely funded by special interest groups such as financial banks and large industrial corporations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."United States presidential election, 2000."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000View on Boundless.com

39. Interest Groups Third Party Candidates Ralph Nader, the Green Party candidate, is accused of "stealing" votes away from Al Gore, a Democrat, in the 2000 election. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Naderspeak."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naderspeak.JPGView on Boundless.com

40. Interest Groups May Day Marches May 1st is traditionally a day for protests and celebration for labor interest groups. In the US there is now also a focus on immigration and labor rights. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Chicago_May_Day_2.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. Interest Groups Aerial View of Capitol Hill Aerial view of Capitol Hill showing the Capitol, Supreme Court Building, Library of Congress, and congressional office buildings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Aerial view of the Capitol Hill."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Capitol_Hill.jpgView on Boundless.com

42. Interest Groups President Barack Obama Starting his presidential years as an outspoken advocate of lobbying regulation, President Obama's actions in relation to lobbying have led some to believe that he has not lived up to the high ethical standards that he set out for himself. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Obama."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObamaView on Boundless.com

43. Interest Groups Andrew Jackson Democrats hail Andrew Jackson as the founder of the party. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Andrew jackson head."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_jackson_head.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. Interest Groups Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Abraham Lincoln November 1863."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. Interest Groups Greenpeace Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and focuses its campaigning on world wide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, and anti-nuclear issues. Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying, and research to achieve its goals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Greenpeace.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greenpeace.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

46. Interest Groups Westminster-Based Government, British Parliament The British Parliament is a Westminster-based system of government with multiple political parties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpgView on Boundless.com

47. Interest Groups Lobbying for Pay There is general agreement that money is a key variable in lobbying. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Lobbying in the United States."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_StatesView on Boundless.com

48. Interest Groups Support Public Libraries Advocacy Advocacy groups seek to influence government policy. In cases such as public libraries, advocacy groups have been critical in lobbying for continued funding across the nation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Public Library Advocacy Main."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Public_Library_Advocacy_Main.jpgView on Boundless.com

49. Interest Groups Protests at the 2008 Republican National Convention A purposive incentive refers to a benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle; people who join because of these are usually passionate about the cause or principle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."RNC2008 day2 protest by matt sandy."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RNC2008_day2_protest_by_matt_sandy.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Interest Groups 1976 Republican National Convention President Gerald Ford, as the Republican nominee, shakes hands with nomination foe Ronald Reagan on the closing night of the 1976 Republican National Convention. Vice-Presidential Candidate Bob Dole is on the far left, then Nancy Reagan, Governor Ronald Reagan is at the center shaking hands with President Gerald Ford, Vice-President Nelson Rockefeller is just to the right of Ford, followed by Susan Ford and First Lady Betty Ford. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1976 Republican National Convention."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpgView on Boundless.com