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Evidence and Argumentation Frameworks

Evidence and Argumentation Frameworks. Simone Stumpf Computer Science S.Stumpf@cs.ucl.ac.uk x33039 http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Stumpf. Structure of talk. What is evidence? The problem of evidence - an example Argumentation Theory Fields of argumentation Analytic Dialectic Rhetoric

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Evidence and Argumentation Frameworks

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  1. Evidence and Argumentation Frameworks Simone Stumpf Computer Science S.Stumpf@cs.ucl.ac.uk x33039 http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Stumpf Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  2. Structure of talk • What is evidence? • The problem of evidence - an example • Argumentation Theory • Fields of argumentation • Analytic • Dialectic • Rhetoric • Perelman’s New Rhetoric • Current areas of interest Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  3. What is evidence? • something that furnishes proof • something submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter (Merriam-Webster) Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  4. The problem of evidence - the Damilola Taylor case The expert witnesses The jury The star witnesses The CPS The police Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  5. Argumentation Theory • Argumentation • Reasoned discourse to reach a standpoint • Argument • A discourse involving statements • A statement/premise proffered in a discourse • Argumentation Theory • Study of how people argue (or should argue) Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  6. Use of argumentation • Design process • Teams • Indivdiuals • Decision Support/ Expert Systems • Capture human reasoning • Enhance reasoning • Role of evidence in these instances • Proof? • Truth? Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  7. Analytic Rhetoric Dialectic Proof Validity True premises lead to a true conclusion Critical assessment Uncertainty Premises that cannot be proven true lead to a conclusion which is probably true Persuasion Acceptance by audience A conclusion is reached if acceptable premises are supplied Fields of argumentation Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  8. Analytic • Evidence is a true statement used with inference rules • “rational” • “objective” • “measurable” • “timeless” Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  9. Analytic application • Fallacies - realisation that the way humans argue is not like formal logic • Informal Logic • Extensions to formal models (modal, non-monotonic, etc.) • Adopted in knowledge-based systems to simulate/automate reasoning Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  10. Dialectic • Evidence is a probable statement in support of a conclusion • Evidence testing - proponent and opponent • Need to discharge opponent’s challenges to “win” argument • Relevance • Weight • Links • Agree to play by certain ground rules of argument • Field-independent structure • Field-dependent acceptable content • Phases and roles within argument Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  11. Dialectic application • Toulmin structure • Argumentation-based (visual) tools • Design Rationale (IBIS, Questmap, DRL, DRAMA, etc.) • Critical thinking (Araucaria, Belvedere, AAA, etc.) • Logic of Argumentation (medical decision support) • Improve and support testing process Data Qualifier, Conclusion Warrant Rebuttal Backing Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  12. Rhetoric • Evidence is a statement that an arguer uses to persuade an audience to accept a conclusion • Evidence is deliberately used (or not used) • Important how and in what order it is presented • Success vs. truth! Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  13. Perelman’s New Rhetoric • Presence and interpretation • Premises • Facts, presumptions, truths • Values and loci • Argumentation schemes • Association • Quasi-logical schemes (transitivity, whole-parts, by sacrifice, probabilities, etc.) • Schemes based on the structure of reality (causal, coexistence, etc.) • Schemes establishing the structure of reality (example, analogy, metaphor, etc.) • Dissociation Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  14. Perelman’ New Rhetoric • Arguer needs to adapt argument to audience • Beliefs of audiences of both premises and arg schemes important • Different audiences - different arguments • Particular audience • Specialised audience • Universal audience Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  15. Rhetoric application • Descriptive framework • Different conception of fallacies • Process of persuasion • Analysis of audience(s) • “persuasion machines” • Natural language generation Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

  16. Current areas of interest • Design process • Using rhetoric to analyse communication in design teams • Design rationale and extensions • Identification of problems in argumentation process • Audiences and what persuades them • Learning between organisations • Knowledge acquisition/management • Comparison of expert and database “evidence” • Knowledge-Based Systems Evidence Mtg 21 Feb 03

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