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Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures

Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures. Understanding Human Adaptation Foraging Domestication Horticulture Intensive Agriculture Pastoralism Adaptation and Culture. Adaptation and Environment.

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Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures

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  1. Chapter 7, Adaptation: Environment and Cultures • Understanding Human Adaptation • Foraging • Domestication • Horticulture • Intensive Agriculture • Pastoralism • Adaptation and Culture

  2. Adaptation and Environment • Environment includes resources that people can use to meet their needs: food, water, wood, stone etc. • Environment includes problems people must overcome: resource scarcity, high/low temperatures, diseases, rainfall variability, etc. 

  3. Components of Production • Time and energy to do the work (labor). • Available tools and knowledge (technology). • Natural resources in the environment.  

  4. Organization of Production Three factors: • Allocating productive work to different kinds of people. • Cooperating to harness resources efficiently. • Potential conflicts over access to natural resources.

  5. Pre-industrial Food Production • Foraging (hunting and gathering) • Agriculture (cultivation) • Herding (pastoralism)

  6.  Foraging • Division of labor based on sex and age. • High degree of mobility especially from season to season. • Seasonal congregation and dispersal of groups.

  7.  Foraging • Small mobile groups of 50 or less (bands). • Cooperate in production and and share rights to harvest wild resources in a territory. • Share food and possessions based on need.

  8. Domestication • Arose 10,000 years ago in the Old World and 5,000 years ago in the New World. • Supports greater numbers of people per unit of land.

  9.  Horticulture • Use only hand tools in planting, cultivating and harvesting gardens. • Produces more food per unit of land than foraging. • Requires a labor investment in a piece of land.

  10. How Horticulture shapes Culture • Living groups are larger and more permanently settled. • Families have more definite rights of ownership over particular pieces of land.

  11. Consequences ofIntensive Agriculture • Allowed a single farm family to produce a surplus over and above its own food needs. • Supported the rise of civilization and city life.

  12. Pastoralism • Occurs in regions that are unsuitable for agriculture. • Allows people to convert indigestible vegetation into edible flesh and dairy products. • Doesn't produce as much food per unit of land as agriculture.

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