PSYC 200 Week #4

1. PSYC 200Week #4 APA References (cont’d), Basic Research Methods, & The Main Parts of a Manuscript

2. Agenda • Roll call • Collect and discuss graded assignments • Finishing up references • Some quick and dirty grammar • Basic research methods • Manuscript components (Part 1)

3. Assignments Recap • Reading assignment • Gram ch 3 – 8 • APA ch 3, 7 • Single article summary assignment • Was due last week or later, depending on your situation. • Stragglers? • Essay #1 Graded

4. Essay #1 – Common Issues • Missing title on body • You must put the title, centered, on the 1st page of the body. • Pronoun issues (will discuss later) • Non-descriptive title • Running head: NEEDS TO LOOK RIGHT • Extra space between paragraphs

9. Citations and references closure

10. Six or More Authors • First use: • Jones et al. (2003) examined.... • ...are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al., 2003) • Subsequent use: • Jones et al. found • ...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006) • First use in a new paragraph: • Jones et al. (2003)

11. Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened • Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999)  Jones et al. (1999) • Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999)  Jones et al. (1999) • Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999) • Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)

12. More Than One Source • ... interactions between youth and their parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2004). • The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).

13. Secondary Sources • Citing a document implies that you HAVE READ the original work (APA, 2010) • Did you actually read the original reference? • Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001) • Don’t include Smith’s article on your reference page.

14. Quotations • When quoting from a source, “if the quotation comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170). • Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote

15. Quotations • Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an indented block. • The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

16. Other Citation Hints • Articles don’t say anything—authors do. • Don’t say, The article found that… • Do say, Jones (2010) found • Don’t overload your reader with citations. You should only be presenting ideas that are relevant to your topic. • Practice…

17. Practice 1 • Authors: • Seth D. Gosling • Orlando P. John • Kendra H. Craik • Robin Wright Robins • Year: 1998 • Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in paper (Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998)

18. Practice 1a • Authors: • Seth D. Gosling • Orlando P. John • Kendra H. Craik • Robin Wright Robins • Year: 1998 • Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in new paragraph (already cited in paper) (Gosling, et al., 1998)

19. Practice 1b • Authors: • Seth D. Gosling • Orlando P. John • Kendra H. Craik • Robin Wright Robins • Year: 1998 • Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text Gosling, et al. found…

20. Practice 2 • Authors: • Seth D. Gosling • Orlando P. John • Year: 1998 • Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text Gosling and John found…

21. Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period,pp.,hyphenate,Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Formatting reference entries

22. Reference Page Format Rules • Put the word References centered at top of new page • Start references next • Each new reference is a new, hanging indent paragraph. • Place references in alphabetical order • Each citation must have reference and vice versa This is an example of a hanging indent paragraph. In Word, go to Paragraph, Special Indent, and select Hanging.

23. Components of a Reference • Author’s or authors’ name(s) • Year of publication • Article or Chapter Title • Journal or Book Title • Volume Number • Issue Number • Location of Publication • City, State or City, Country outside of US • DOI or web address or database name • Publisher Information

24. Journal Article Last name and initials. In parentheses, end with pd. Sentence caps, end in pd. • Author, A. A. • (YEAR). • Title of the journal article. • Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp. • If retrieved electronically • doi:xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxx or • URL of journal home page Retrieved from http://www.journal.edu/ref/filename or • Retrieved from Name of database Title caps, italicized Italicized In parentheses Start pg., hyphen, end pg., period

25. Journal Article Exercise • Author: Tegan Best • Published in 2010 • Title of article: Effects of Name Referents on Childhood Experiences. • Title of journal: Journal of Alderian Psychopathology, volume 6, issue 7, pages 22 to 33 • Identifier: 10.1177/0093854806286208 Best, T. (2010). Effects of name referents on childhood experiences. Journal of Adlerian Psychopathology, 6(7), 22-33. doi:10.11….

26. An Entire Book • Author, A. A. • (YEAR). • Title of the book. • City, State or Country (outside of US): Publisher.

27. A Chapter in a Book • Author, A. A. • (YEAR). • Title of the chapter. • In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), • Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). • City, State: Publisher.

28. Technical or Research Report • Author, A. A. • (YEAR). • Title of report (Report No. XXXX). • City, State: Publisher or • Retrieved from Agency Site: http://agency.gov/location/filename

29. Headings Language Guide apa language style guidelines

30. Headings – The APA Way

31. Using Headings • Headings are used to create sections • Improves sense of organization • Improves accessibility of information • Simple transition between major parts of paper • Heading styles are codified 

32. APA Headings (APA p. 62-63) Centered Title Caps (b) Left Title Caps (b) Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b) Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b,i) Indented, sentence caps ending w/ pd. (i)

33. Quick APA Language Guide • Word choice and usage – the right word in the right place • Removing bias • Grammar / Punctuation

34. Common phrases • Avoid these!! • Feel, believe, think, prove, stated, wrote, said • Replace with: • Hypothesize, conjecture, reason, support, found, suggested Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

35. Avoid Wordiness • Clear & Concise • Write like a poet • Make every word count • Avoid unnecessary transitions • Say what you want to using one word instead of two • Say it with one word rather than two • Say it with one word, not two Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

36. Informalities and Slang • No contractions—ever! • No colloquialisms • Sky-high, bright idea, and the like • others? Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

37. Using Conjunctions Correctly • Since vs. Because • Andrew has been excited about going to the zoo since last Thursday. • The dog salivated because Pavlov rang the bell. • While vs. Although • Although I enjoy watching baseball on television, I would rather be at the stadium. • While Jack cleaned the garage, Mary dusted the living room. • Or vs. Nor • The girl was allowed to have either a piece of candy or a sticker. • Neither the doctor nor the nurse could find the patient’s chart. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

38. Referring to People • Do not use “You” to refer to the reader. • Do not use “We” to refer to general groups or society. • Use “One” • If one chooses to engage in criminal activity, then one must be ready to accept the consequences. • One should not equate correlation with causation. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

39. Me, myself, and I • Can you use first person? • YES!! • Use the appropriate first person pronoun when referring to yourself or the author(s) of your paper. • Consider using passive voice • I gave the survey to 70 participants • Seventy participants received the survey Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

40. They All Sound the Same... • They’re, There, and Their • They’re going to the store this afternoon. (contraction = they are) • I just returned from Dublin, have you ever been there? (place, direction) • Their house is white with blue shutters. (possession) • To, Too, and Two • Kent is moving to Massachusetts. • I want to go too. • He is taking his two dogs with him. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

41. They all sound the same... • It’s and Its • It’s Jake’s birthday today. (It is) • Its hair was matted and mangled. (possession) • Whether and Weather • It does not matter whether or not Mandy stays for dinner. • The weather is supposed to be cold and damp. • Then and Than • Men are more likely than women to watch UFC. • The students were instructed to clear their desks then begin the examination. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

42. Often Forgotten..... • Who vs. Whom • Who is the person with the white lab coat? • With whom did you leave the key? • Who vs. That • Individuals who study, often find exams to be easy. • Companies that give employees better benefits have higher productivity. • The vase that broke is in the cardboard box. • Times when..., Places where... • Affect vs. Effect • Psychology students often learn about the Hawthorne effect. • Amy wants study how energy-drinks affect performance and cognitive ability. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

43. Anthropomorphizing • Do not give human traits or abilities to inanimate or non-human objects/creatures. • Do not write • The article shows... • Instead try...Deci and Ryan indicate • The research explains... • Instead...Pavlov explains Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

44. Removing Bias • One must be conscientious of how individuals and groups are identified. • Do not over generalize • Gender bias • Racial/Ethnicity bias • Mental health or disability status • Age Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

45. Sexist Language • When referring to an object that could be either male or female (e.g., a participant, a client, etc.) you MUST not exclude a gender. • For example, “When a therapist begins a session, she introduces herself first.” • Try, • “…the therapist introduces his or herself…” • “…self-introductions come first…” • Or: Make it plural  “When therapists begin sessions, they introduce themselves first.” Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

46. Data Datum Irregular Plurals Singular Plural • Phenomena • Hypothesis • Hypotheses • Phenomenon Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

47. Singular Form Child Mouse Foot Offspring Formula Datum Stimulus Index Hypothesis Criterion Plural Form Children Mice Feet Offspring Formulae Data Stimuli Indices Hypotheses Criteria Irregular Plurals Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

48. Abbreviations • That is… • Study for your class; that is, if you don’t want to fail. • Study for your class (i.e., if you don’t want to fail) • And so on… • Notes, books, pencils, etc. • For example… • For example, students in PSYC200. • …(e.g., students in PSYC200). • And other people (things) [used when have many authors] • …was found (Johns, et al., 2002). Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

49. Dirty Grammar • They’re always there to hurt their grade • their, there, and they’re • Plural possessives • Individual, individuals, individual’s, and individuals’ • Pronoun shifting • Someone cannot be a they Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

50. Parallel Construction • Each statement must be able to stand alone and still be grammatically correct. • The student is required to read 30 pages of text, write a report, and memorize a list of vocabulary words. • to read • to write • to memorize Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar