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BLOOD

BLOOD. THE BODY’S LIFE FLUID. BLOOD & BLOOD CELLS. BLOOD- TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD VOLUME AND COMPOSITION AVERAGE ADULT- 5L BLOOD VOLUME ABOUT 45% CELLS BY VOLUME (HEMATOCRIT)- MOSTLY RBC 55% LIQUID- PLASMA WATER, AMINO ACIDS, CARBS, LIPIDS, VITAMINS, HORMONES. RED BLOOD CELLS.

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BLOOD

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  1. BLOOD THE BODY’S LIFE FLUID

  2. BLOOD & BLOOD CELLS • BLOOD- TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE • BLOOD VOLUME AND COMPOSITION • AVERAGE ADULT- 5L BLOOD VOLUME • ABOUT 45% CELLS BY VOLUME (HEMATOCRIT)- MOSTLY RBC • 55% LIQUID- PLASMA • WATER, AMINO ACIDS, CARBS, LIPIDS, VITAMINS, HORMONES

  3. RED BLOOD CELLS • RED BLOOD CELLS- ERYTHROCYTES • BICONCAVE TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR CARRYING GASES • HEMOGLOBIN- PROTEIN MOLECULE THAT CARRIES OXYGEN • OXYGEN MAKES THE CELL RED, LACK OF OXYGEN- DARKER • ADULT RBC LACK NUCLEI AND CANNOT REPRODUCE • RED BLOOD CELL COUNTS • AVERAGE- 4.6 MIL TO 6.2 MIL mm2, cubic millimeter • THIS CORRELATES TO OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY • DESTRUCTION OF RBC- MACROPHAGES

  4. RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • HEMATOPOIESIS • PRODUCED IN RED BONE MARROW • AVERAGE LIFE SPAN- 120 DAYS • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM- ERYTHROPOIETIN • IRON REQUIRED FOR HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION

  5. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS • WHITE BLOOD CELLS- LEUKOCYTES- • PROTECT AGAINST DISEASE • GRANULOCYTES- LEUKOCYTES WITH GRANULAR CYTOPLASM • AGRANULOCYTES- WITHOUT CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES • NEUTROPHILS- CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES • NEUCLEUS- TWO TO FIVE LOBES • 54-62% OF LEUKOCYTES • PHAGOCYTIZE SMALL PARTICLES • EOSINOPHILS- GRANULATED • NUCLEUS- TWO LOBES • 1-3% LEUKOCYTES • KILLS PARASITES & HELPS CONTROL INFLAMMATION & ALLERGIC RXN

  6. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS • BASOPHILS- FEWER GRANULES THAN EOSINOPHILS • <1% LEUKOCYTES • RELEASE HERAPIN & HISTAMINE- INCREASE BLOOD FLOW • MONOCYTES- NO GRANULES- LARGEST BLOOD CELL • NUCLEUS- VARY IN SHAPE • 3-9% OF LEUKOCYTES • PHAGOCYTIZE LARGE PARTICLES • LYMPHOCYTES- NO GRANULES- VERY SMALL • NUCLEUS- LARGE & ROUND • 25-33% OF LEUKOCYTES- MAY LIVE FOR YEARS • PROVIDES IMMUNITY • WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT • AVERAGE- 5-10 THOU PER mm2, cubic millimeter • THIS CORRELATES TO THE ABILITY TO FIGHT INFECTIOUS DISEASES

  7. PLATELETS • PLATELETS- THROMBOCYTES- NOT COMPLETE CELLS • ARISE FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES IN BONE MARROW • HELP CLOSE BREAKS IN DAMAGED BLOOD VESSELS AND INITIATE THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOTS • PLATELET COUNT- AVERAGE 130-360 THOU PER mm2

  8. PLASMA • PLASMA- CLEAR, STRAW COLORED LIQUID • WHERE BLOOD CELLS ARE SUSPENDED • 92% WATER + ORGANIC AND INORGANIC BIOCHEMICALS • PLASMA PROTEINS- DISSOLVED IN PLASMA • ALBUMIN- 60%- FROM LIVER- HELPS MAINTAIN BLOOD OSMOTIC PRESSURE • GLOBULINS- 36%- FROM LIVER- TRANSPORT LIPIDS & VITAMINS • FIBRINOGEN- 4%- FROM LIVER- BLOOD COAGULATION • NUTRIENTS & GASES • LIPOPROTEINS- TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS • GASES- OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE • NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES- AMINO ACIDS, UREA, URIC ACID • ELECTROLYTES- SALTS, IONS, AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

  9. HEMOSTASIS • HEMOSTASIS- STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING • BLOOD VESSEL SPASM- CONTRACTION OF BLOOD VESSEL WALLS AFTER DAMAGE • PLATELET PLUG FORMATION- PLATELETS CLING TO ANY ROUGH OR DAMGED SURFACE. ALSO TO EACH OTHER. • BLOOD COAGULATION- FORMATION OF A BLOOD CLOT • PLASMA PROTEINS CHANGE TO INSOLUBLE FIBRIN • PRODUCTION OF ALPHA GLOBULIN- PROTHROMBIN • CALCIUM IONS TURN PROTHROMBIN INTO THROMBIN • THROMBIN HELPS FIBRIN FRAGMENTS TO JOIN • POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM • THROMBUS- ABNORMAL BLOT CLOT- ATRERIOSCLEROSIS • EMBOLUS- DISLODGED THROMBUS- EMBOLISM

  10. BLOOD GROUPS & TRANSFUSIONS • ANTIGENS- RBC SURFACE MOLECULES & ANTIBODIES- CARRIED IN PLASMA BOTH HELP DETERMINE BLOOD TYPE • ABO GROUP- BASED ON PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TWO MAJOR ANTIGENS ON RBC (A & B) • FOUR COMBOS- • A ONLY PRESENT- A- HAS ANTI-B ANTIBODY • B ONLY PRESENT- B- HAS ANTI-A ANTIBODY • BOTH PRESENT- AB- HAS NEITHER ANTIBODY- • UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT • NEITHER PRESENT- O- HAS BOTH ANTIBODIES- • UNIVERSAL DONOR

  11. Rh BLOOD GROUP • Rh BLOOD GROUP- Rh ANTIGENS • Rh POSITIVE- HAS ANTIGENS • Rh NEGATIVE- LACKS ANTIGENS • ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS- IF WOMAN HAS –VE OR +VE ANTIBODIES AND CONCEIVES WITH MAN THAT HAS CORRESPONDING ANTIGEN- NEWBORN WILL BE AFFECTED

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