U.S. History 1301

1. U.S. History 1301 Unit 3

2. The Era of Good Feelings • After the War of 1812 the Federalist Party collapsed • This lasted about 10 years • Political ideas of the Federalists lived on • Succession of Presidents • Sec. of State Madison follows Jefferson • Sec. of State Monroe follows Madison • Sec. of State John Quincy Adams follows Monroe

3. The Virginia Dynasty Presidents from Jefferson to Monroe All well-cultured gentlemen Generally dull and not activist Little accomplished beyond Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812

4. Infrastructure • New forms of transportation built and developed • Roads – Turnpikes and road networks connected cities • Steamboats – Added the ability to travel upriver • Canals – manmade waterways to connect ports and waterways • Most famous was Erie Canal that connected Lake Erie with the Atlantic • Railroads – Huge advancement in shipping freight and people • These allowed for the growth of factories in the North

5. How to pay for this? Construction projects expensive but necessary The tariff was the main source of revenue for U.S. govt. Tariff = Tax on Imported Goods

6. Subsidies A subsidy is money given from the govt. to a private group such as an industrial business, charity, or commercial group, usually to guarantee some service in return Examples: Airlines, Planned Parenthood, Housing, Farmers Sometimes subsidies can be good, sometimes bad

7. The Problem Most imports coming into the South Therefore the South contributes greatly to the budget Most of the tariff money going to projects in the North Tariff quickly becomes an issue between North and South Government waste exacerbates the problem

8. Collins vs. Vanderbilt New steam technology applied to trans-Atlantic ships Cuts the passage from Europe to U.S. to two weeks Edward Collins proposes to Congress a business plan… vs.

9. Adams-Onis Treaty Feb. 1819 the U.S. purchases Florida from Spain Cost $5 million Determined the disputed border between Mexico and the Louisiana Territory Prompted the Monroe Doctrine

10. The Monroe Doctrine Spain weak after losing most of its holdings in the Americas France weak also after the final defeat of Napoleon The U.S. looks to prevent a comeback in the Americas

11. The Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine: No NEW European colonies in the Western Hemisphere

13. The Monroe Doctrine • How could the U.S. enforce this? • Helped by Great Britain • Britain also does not want to see Spain or France comeback • Little real effect from the Monroe Doctrine until after the Civil War (Will play a major role in HIS 1302)

14. The Missouri Compromise In 1819 Missouri ready to apply for statehood Wanted to become a slave state This would destroy the 11-11 free state / slave state balance Much fighting until Compromise in 1820

15. The Missouri Compromise Terms Missouri comes in as a slave state Maine comes in early as a free state In the future: *the Unorganized Territory will be closed to slavery *the Arkansas Territory will be open to slavery *the dividing line will be 36, 30

16. The Missouri Compromise

17. The Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay All ran as Republican candidates No opposition party The election was a 3-way split Nobody won a majority of electoral votes Who becomes President?

18. The Corrupt Bargain Under the 12th Amendment (at the time) the House of Reps. would vote on who became President Henry Clay was Speaker of the House Clay sways the house to vote for Adams Adams wins and appoints Clay as Secretary of State Jackson & supporters infuriated

19. The Tariff of Abominations Adams and Jackson fought over the tariff after Adams elected North wanted to raise tariff to protect businesses South argued it was unconstitutional for govt. to control economy The issue will return under Jackson’s presidency

20. The Election of 1828 By 1828 the landowning requirement was removed from voting Far more poor people able to vote Adams unpopular after Corrupt Bargain and Tariff Dirty political campaign on both sides Jackson wins by a landslide

21. Andrew Jackson A rough man from the frontier War hero and general Strong temper Strong executive, unlike previous presidents

22. The Spoils System Jackson begins the policy Fires many executive branch employees after taking office Replaces them with his own selections Ensured loyalty of the branch Allowed greater corruption in government

23. Jackson as President Jackson a strange mix of pride and humility Believed that the government should be open to the people He literally opened the White House to the public on numerous occasions

24. Jackson’s Inauguration

25. Three Key Issues Under Jackson The Nullification Crisis concerning the Tariff The Trail of Tears concerning the Native Americans The renewal of the Bank’s charter

26. The Nullification Crisis 1832 Congress lowers the Tariff but only slightly South disappointed South Carolina responds by declaring the Tariff void in their state The problem? State trying to overrule federal law

27. The Nullification Crisis Jackson sees this as an attack on the Constitution Congress granted him the Force Bill which allowed him to use the military to enforce customs laws South Carolina is unsupported by other states and backs down Congress also passed a bill that would reduce the Tariff over the next few years

28. Indian Policy By the 1820’s many Cherokees remained in Georgia They assimilated into Southern life Many owned slaves and grew cotton Along with other tribes owned 33 million acres in the Southeast Cherokees resisted all offers to get them to move

29. Indian Policy • Two key changes • Jackson elected • Gold discovered on Cherokee lands • Georgia tries to force the Cherokee to leave • Jackson backs them up with the Indian Removal Act • Supreme Court initially denies the Cherokee a hearing

30. Indian Policy Georgia began seizing Cherokee property Christian missionaries who protested were jailed Supreme Court finally tries to intervene Jackson blatantly ignored their decision Finally began a forced removal to the Oklahoma territory

31. The Trail of Tears

32. The Bank • Functions of the Bank • Lent to merchants • Expedited foreign trade • Handled private and business checking accounts • Issued paper money backed by gold • Held deposits from federal govt. • Transferred govt. funds around the country • Central bank of the economy • Could force state banks to limit credit or encourage them to lend

33. The Bank Jackson hated banks, especially “The Bank” This represented the feeling of many farmers and Southerners They believed the Bank gave the federal govt. too much power over the economy Bank’s charter was set to expire in 1836 Nicholas Biddle was the head of the Bank Applied for renewal of charter in 1832

34. The Bank The renewal passes Congress Jackson vetoes it Unleashed a storm of protest from businessmen, state bankers, and economists Jackson called a tyrant for overriding the will of the people

35. King Andrew I

36. Placeholder: Whigs creation, Van Buren

37. Manifest Destiny One of the most important ideas of the early 1800’s Term coined by John L. O’Sullivan, a NY magazine editor Asserted the right of the U.S. to “overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government.” Manifest Destiny = The belief that the U.S. should expand to the Pacific Ocean

40. The Oregon Country Early pioneers moved cross country, mostly fur traders Territory was shared with the British Explored and mapped the routes across the continent Helped to create the Oregon Trail

41. The Oregon Trail Long & dangerous Many geographic obstacles Thousands of Americans went in the early 1840’s

42. Texas (Yay!) In the 1820’s Mexico gave Moses Austin a land grant to settle Americans in Texas Moses’s son Stephen F. Austin established the first American colony in Mexico By 1835 20,000 Americans in Texas, with slaves Mexico resisted numerous attempts to buy Texas by the U.S.

43. Texas Changes in the Mexican government made things uncomfortable in Texas Santa Anna becomes dictator and is hostile to American settlers Santa Anna marches north in 1835 to disperse growing dissent This act of aggression prompts armed response First fight came in Feb. 1836

44. The Alamo 187 Texans defending against over 4,000 Mexicans The Alamo was an old mission near San Antonio Texans led by William B. Travis Trying to buy time for Sam Houston to form the army Held out for 13 days, even though surrounded Santa Anna hoped to avoid a fight, but ultimately charged Heroic action spurred the independence movement

46. San Jacinto

47. Texas Applies for Annexation Harrison elected in 1840, died after 1 month in office John Tyler became President in 1841 Texas had applied for annexation in 1836 Jackson was too close to the end of his term Van Buren was too unpopular Tyler finally able to secure annexation

48. Texas Annexation • 2 reasons people opposed • Texas would enter as a slave state • Mexico would probably declare war • Senate refused to pass annexation treaty until March 1845, just before Tyler leaves office • James Polk elected in 1844, takes office in 1845 • Polk a strong proponent of Manifest Destiny

49. Issues with Britain Increased U.S. presence in Oregon leads to conflict Britain and U.S. both claiming key territory The U.S. declares “54-40 or fight!” Britain goaded by Mexico Ultimately a treaty was signed in 1846 cutting the territory in half

50. The Slidell Mission John Slidell sent to Mexico to negotiate Offered to pay Texas debts owed to Mexico for $3.25 million Offered $5 million for New Mexico and $25 million for California Expected the mission to succeed Instead Mexico refused to meet with Slidell