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Dinamika Perubahan Ekonomi Dunia dilihat dari Perspektif Geografi

Dinamika Perubahan Ekonomi Dunia dilihat dari Perspektif Geografi. Perkembangan kehidupan Perkembangan desa - kota Perubahan demografis Perubahan sektor ekonomi. Kuliah Geografi Ekonomi Triarko Nurlambang. What is an Economy?.

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Dinamika Perubahan Ekonomi Dunia dilihat dari Perspektif Geografi

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  1. Dinamika Perubahan Ekonomi Dunia dilihat dari Perspektif Geografi • Perkembangan kehidupan • Perkembangan desa - kota • Perubahan demografis • Perubahan sektor ekonomi Kuliah Geografi Ekonomi Triarko Nurlambang

  2. What is an Economy? • A social system that organizes and regulates land, labor and resources for production and determines the distribution of wealth • Economic systems determine processes of production, distribution and consumption • Economies are social: they regulate relationships between people and between interest groups

  3. What is a Region? • A defined location with known scale (size) and specific extent (scope) • A contiguous area with common or complementary characteristics or linked by intensive interaction or flows • A working tool to achieve some end related to spatial analysis

  4. What is Economic Geography? • Current patterns of economic activity of regions • Trends (changes) in economic activity of regions • Factors changing the economic activity of regions • Current patterns of exchange between regions (include trade, migration and investment) • Trends (changes) in exchange between regions • Factors changing the exchange between regions

  5. Economies of Scale and Clustering • Clustering efficiencies are external economies of scale • Economies of scale are reductions in unit cost as the volume of production increases • In production, bigger is better – up to a point • External economies are realized by proximity to or ties with others outside the firm

  6. Geografi Ekonomi dan Bisnis selalu berubah... Apalagi yang akan datang ? Hidup dari lingkungan terkonvergnsi Perdagangan regional baru Berburu dan bertani Tata dunia baru (metanasional) Export/ import globalisasi Berdagang / transaksi benda berharga (uang) Berdagang / barter Jaman imperialisme…. Imperialisme gaya baru

  7. Apakah kita yakin pola ini akan terjadi lagi? Cara berpikir LINIER harus diganti dengan HOLISTIK dan berbasis SKENARIO

  8. TEORI TRANSISI DEMOGRAFI (Waren Thompson, 1929) Berkembang Transisi Maju/ stabil

  9. World’s Largest Countries in 2025 World’s Largest Countries in 2001

  10. Table: World Population, Regional Totals, 0-1998. (000's) Table: World GDP Per Capita, Regional Averages, 0-1998, 1990 International Dollars http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/longterm.html

  11. Table 1.4, Percent of world population  Table: Percent of world economic output. Calculated from table 1.2. http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/longterm.html

  12. Sejarah Ekonomi Indonesia (1) Fakta Dasar Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan yang terletak di Asia Tenggara. Terdiri dari kurang-lebih 13.000 pulau dengan pulau Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua adalah pulau-pulau yang besar diapit oleh Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik. Luas total Indonesia yaitu 1,9 juta km2. Indonesia memiliki iklim tropik dengan rangakain pegunungan vulkanik dan merupakan tempat pertemuan tiga lempeng dunia. Oleh karenanya Indonesia mempunyai lahan yang relatif subur dan kaya akan bahan tambang, seperti minyak dan gas, timah, bauxute, nickel, batu bara, tembaga, emas dan perak. Sampai dengan tahun 2006 jumlah penduduk Indonesia hampir mencapai 240 juta dengan konsentrasi di pulau Jawa (hampir 60%). Table 1 Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product per Capita Compared with Several Other Asian Countries (in 1990 dollars) Source: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: OECD

  13. Sejarah Ekonomi Indonesia (2) • Pra-kolonial (Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Mataram) • Awal Kolonial (abad 16-17) • Kolonial (abad 19) VOC; cultivation system, perdagangan modern • Ekonomi Ekspor (1900-1942) • Post-1945 • Orde Baru  pertumbuhan ek. • Reformasi (?)  krisis finan • sial Financial Results of Government Cultivation, 1840-1849 ('Cultivation System') (in thousands of guilders in current values) Source: Fasseur 1975: 20.

  14. World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants

  15. Long Wave Cycles of Innovation Electricity Chemicals Internal-combustion engine Steam Rail Steel Water power Textiles Iron Petrochemicals Electronics Aviation Digital networks Software New Media Pace of innovation 1st Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave 4th Wave 5th Wave 1785 1845 1900 1950 1990 60 years 55 years 50 years 40 years 30 years

  16. Kumulatif Sumbangan Moda Transportasi terhadap Peluang Ekonomis Revolusi Industrial Produksi Massal Globalisasi Telekomunikasi Udara Jalan darat Peluang Ekonomis Kereta Api Kapal Penyeberangan Kapal Laut Kuda 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050

  17. Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System 1 2 Core Periphery Periphery 3 4

  18. Future Growth: Developed and Developing Countries Developing country urban urban rural rural

  19. Rank / Size of the World’s 25 Largest Cities, 2000

  20. Sectors of the Economy Tertiary Percent of Workforce Secondary Quaternary Primary Time

  21. Poles of the Global Economy Western Europe North America East Asia Economies Underdeveloped Developing Newly Industrializing Advanced Oil Export / Rent

  22. Core / Periphery Division of the World Periphery Semi-Periphery Core

  23. Apa saja faktor utama penggerak perubahan masa depan? • Pertumbuhan penduduk secara eksponensial • Speed of innovation (accelerating)  tren teknologi dan (ICT, robotic/nano), ilmu pengetahuan dasar (biologi/bio-tech, fisika-materi, kimia) •  Batas industri dan penelitian-pengembangan (R & D) menjadi tambah kabur

  24. Beberapa contoh hasil prediksi masa depan Berdasarkan studi J.R. Mooneyham 2006 Wireless LAN 2008 Nanocomputer elements 2010 Optical cards menggantikan floppy disk 2015 Mendengarkan musik 6 hari dalam satu chip 2035 Super-jumbo jets membawa 1500 penumpang 2038 NASA mengirim orang pertama ke Mars 2050 Bertamasya ke luar angkasa 2058 Implan otak buatan meningkatkan kemampuan intelijen 2064 Otak buatan terkoneksi dengan komputer 2073 Kota bawah tanah terbangun 2087 Ekosistem di re-boot 2088 Muncul banyak spesies baru 2150 Bermunculan non-biologis yang bisa berpikir 2300 Ada kuda diangkasa 2450 Ditemukan the “United State of Earth” 2500 Pemukiman baru di Mars • Siklus Kondratieff yang menjelaskan siklus 60 tahunan atas dasar adanya perubahan radikal dalam teknologi sehingga menciptakan satu bentuk kehidupan baru • Tren ketenagakerjaan dikembangkan oleh Leo A. Nefiodow) dimana sektor pertanian akan mengalami kemunduran dan sektor jasa menjadi semakin utama • Tren teknologi yang dikembangkan oleh Gartner (Hype Cycle) dan Moore (Moore’s Lawn  perkembang microelectronics; dunia menjadi terkonvergensidan siklus perubahan semakin pendek

  25. Munculnya pola kehidupan yang baru Manajemen kesehatan Jasa perbaikan Jasa dokter kesehatan Waktu luang dan hiburan Dunia Maya/ virtual Model baru sekolah Pelatihan individual Pelatihan profesional • KEHIDUPAN BARU • Faktor pendorong masa depan: keamanan & kepercayaan, penghematan biaya-waktu, bertmabahnya kenyamanan, dan perbaikan kualitas hidup • Faktor penghambat: kompleksitas, tiadanya standard dan layanan buruk • Faktor pengubah: teknologi Pembelajaran Monitoring Lingkungan hidup Rancang produk Eksplorasi Proses material Recyclability Lingkungan dan perang Proteksi lingkungan Aplikasi Prosesi informasi Pelatihan Pakaian seragam Militer Fungsi konsep strategi Portal sbg gerbang dunia E-customer bonding E-business di industri Pengganti lokasi pasar Cara baru menjalankan bisnis Bisnis elektronik Real Time Business Internet dalam peralatan mobil MMS Pembayaran elektronik Permintaan pelanggan Mobile business

  26. Selected Key regional priority issues (environmental dev.) Africa: Land degradation and its cross-cutting impacts on forests, freshwater, marine and coastal resources, as well as pressures such as drought, climate variability and change, and urbanization Asia and the Pacific: Transport and urban air quality, freshwater stress, valuable ecosystems, agricultural land use, and waste management Europe: Climate change and energy, unsustainable production and consumption, air quality and transport, biodiversity loss and land-use change, and freshwater stress Latin America and the Caribbean: Growing cities, biodiversity and ecosystems, degrading coasts and polluted seas, and regional vulnerability to climate change North America: Energy and climate change, urban sprawl and freshwater stress West Asia: Freshwater stress, land degradation, degrading coasts and marine ecosystems, urban management, and peace and security Polar Regions: Climate change, persistent pollutants, the ozone layer, and development and commercial activity http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/06_Regional_Perspectives.pdf

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