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Energy

Energy. Ability to do work, moves or changes matter. Comes in many different forms (chemical energy, potential energy, solar energy, electricity, heat). Never created or destroyed only transformed.

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Energy

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  1. Energy • Ability to do work, moves or changes matter. • Comes in many different forms (chemical energy, potential energy, solar energy, electricity, heat). • Never created or destroyed only transformed.

  2. Autotrophs - Organisms which make their own food, directly utilize the sun’s energy (i.e trees). Heterotrophs - Organisms who obtain energy from the food they consume, cannot directly utilize the sun’s energy (i.e. bears)

  3. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate • Cells’ energy molecule. Energy is stored within the bonds of the phosphates. • ATP is used to run all cellular activity (protein synthesis, membrane pumps, DNA regulation). • ADP (2P) would be a dead battery while ATP (3P) would be a charged battery.

  4. Photosynthesis: Using light to make foodThe gift of a green world.

  5. Life on Earth is solar powered. • By converting the energy in sunlight into chemical energy, photosynthesis produces 160 billion metric tons of carbohydrates each year.

  6. THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists. • They generate their own organic matter through photosynthesis. (c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria (b) Kelp (a) Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants Figure 7.2

  7. Kingdom Plantae

  8. Simple Plants: (a) Mosses

  9. Simple Plants: (a) Mosses, (b) Hornworts, (c) Liverworts

  10. Ferns

  11. Cone Trees

  12. Flowering Plants • With flowers for reproduction • Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

  13. WaterLily Leaf

  14. Victoria regia

  15. Succulent cacti

  16. Cacti

  17. Carnivorous plants obtain some of their nutrients from animal tissues.

  18. Photosynthesis • Plant process whereby the energy in the sun is used to convert H2O and CO2 into high energy sugars and O2 waste. • 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  19. Light • Sun:white light (energy) is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors) Gammarays Micro-waves Radio waves Infrared X-rays UV Visible light Wavelength (nm)

  20. Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy Reflected light Light Absorbed light Transmitted light Chloroplast

  21. Chloroplast LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL The location and structure of chloroplasts LEAF Mesophyll Stoma (pl. stomata) Intermembrane space CHLOROPLAST Outer membrane Granum Innermembrane Grana Stroma Thylakoidcompartment Stroma Thylakoid Figure 7.2

  22. Chloroplast Pigments • Chloroplasts contain several pigments • Chlorophyll a • Chlorophyll b • Carotenoids

  23. Pigments – The Rainbow Catchers • Light-absorbing molecules • Absorb some wavelengths and reflect others • Color you see are the wavelengths NOT absorbed chlorophyll a chlorophyll b Wavelength (nanometers)

  24. H2O CO2 Chloroplast An Overview of Photosynthesis Light NADP+ ADP+ P LIGHTREACTIONS(in grana) CALVINCYCLE(in stroma) ATP Electrons NADPH O2 Sugar

  25. ChloroplastOrganelle found inside plant cell where photosynthesis occurs. • Thylakoids - sac-like photosynthetic membranes found inside the chloroplasts, contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments. Site of the Light-Dependent reactions. • Stroma - region outside the thylakoid membrane, but still inside the chloroplast. Site of the Calvin Cycle reactions.

  26. Photosynthesis is comprised of two reactions • Light Dependent Reactions • Calvin Cycle (Dark Cycle) Reactions

  27. Light-Dependent Reactions • Requires light. • Occurs in the thylakoid membranes. • Breaks H2O molecule and produces O2. • Converts ADP into ATP and NADP+ into NADPH.

  28. Light Reactions (Photolysis) • Light energy is used to split water and give • Oxygen and hydrogen • 2 H2O + light  4 H+ + O2 • Light energy is used to make ATP

  29. Electron Carrier • Molecule which carries sunlight excited electrons from chlorophyll to other chemical reactions in the cell. • Hot Coals / Fire / Tongs analogy

  30. Chlorophyll is the main synthetic pigment

  31. Plants produce O2 gas • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is a byproduct made by splitting water (H2O)

  32. Calvin Cycle Reactions • Does not require light. • Occurs in the stroma. • Uses energy in NADPH and ATP to convert CO2 into high energy sugars.

  33. Dark Reactions (Carbon Fixation) • ATP and Hydrogen (H) are used to “fix” CO2 • To make organic molecules C6H12O6 (glucose)

  34. Variables effecting Photosynthesis • Light Intensity • CO2 Concentration • Temperature • Graphs Shape required

  35. MEASURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Production of Oxygen • Uptake of CO2 • Increase in Biomass (glucose, plant growth) Carbondioxide Water Glucose Oxygengas PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  36. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

  37. Photosynthesis Energy-storing pathway Releases oxygen Requires carbon dioxide Aerobic Respiration Energy-releasing pathway Requires oxygen Releases carbon dioxide Linked Processes

  38. Predominant producers on land are plants such as oak trees and cacti

  39. In aquatic environments, algae and photosynthetic bacteria are the main food producers

  40. How Photosynthesis Moderates the Greenhouse Effect • Old-growth forests: • Are important for lumber • Are important for moderating world climates • Are homes to many species of plants and wildlife that exist nowhere else

  41. Warms the atmosphere • Is caused by atmospheric CO2 • The Greenhouse effect: Sunlight Atmosphere Radiant heat trapped by CO2

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