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分子直径与 热力学温度 的关系

分子直径与 热力学温度 的关系. 两个分子之间的弹性碰撞是一个散射过程。在此过程中,两个分子中心之间的距离 r 所达到的最小值 , 可以视为分子直径。. 因此,分子直径 d 应该与分子的平均平动动能  和 分子间斥力常量  有关。设 热力学温度为 T , 分子间斥力为 f , 则由量纲分析可知:.

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分子直径与 热力学温度 的关系

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  1. 分子直径与热力学温度的关系

  2. 两个分子之间的弹性碰撞是一个散射过程。在此过程中,两个分子中心之间的距离r所达到的最小值,可以视为分子直径。

  3. 因此,分子直径d应该与分子的平均平动动能 和分子间斥力常量 有关。设热力学温度为T,分子间斥力为f,则由量纲分析可知:

  4. dim=dim(frs)=Lsdimf.dim = Ldimf.dimd=L =[(Lsdimf)/(Ldimf)]1/(s1) =(dim/dim)1/(s1) =dim{[/(kT)]1/(s1)}. 由此可得:d1/T1/(s1).

  5. 因s=9~15,s1=8~14,故1/(s1)=(1/8)~(1/14),其平均值约为1/10=0.1.于是分子直径 d与热力学温度T之间的关系可近似为d1/T1/10 =1/T0.1.

  6. 由此可见,分子直径d 随着热力学温度T的增大而略微减小。例如,即使当热力学温度增加到原来的1024倍(即210倍)时,分子直径也仅仅减小到原来的一半(即1/2)。

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