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End of the Qing Dynasty

End of the Qing Dynasty. 1800s Industrial Revolution Opium Wars and Treaty of Nanjing Spheres of Influence Taiping Rebellion Boxer Rebellion (against foreigners). End of the Qing Dynasty. 1900s Qing Dynasty collapses End of Exam system Sun Yixian creates Republican Government

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End of the Qing Dynasty

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  1. End of the Qing Dynasty 1800s • Industrial Revolution • Opium Wars and Treaty of Nanjing • Spheres of Influence • Taiping Rebellion • Boxer Rebellion (against foreigners)

  2. End of the Qing Dynasty • 1900s • Qing Dynasty collapses • End of Exam system • Sun Yixian creates Republican Government • Founding principles: “nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people” • Goals: fight imperialism, the warlords, unify the country

  3. Political Instability • Republican Government loses power to local warlords • Sun Yixian leads the Nationalist Party (Kuomingtang or KMT) to fight against the warlords • New Chinese Communist Party (CCP) joins with KMT to fight warlords

  4. Political Instability • The KMT and CCP defeat the local warlords • Sun Yatsen dies, Chiang Kai-shek leads KMT (1925) • The KMT then attack the CCP and kill many • CCP leader Mao Zedong leads CCP on “The Long March” (1934-5)

  5. Japan invades Eastern China • Japanese attack Manchuria (North Eastern China) • KMT and CCP work together again against the Japanese • Rape of Nanking (1937) Japanese attack city more than 200,000 civilians brutalized/killed

  6. The Chinese Communist Party • Founded 1921 • Group of intellectuals • Leader: Mao Zedong, influenced by the works of Karl Marx • Goals: fight foreign intervention and make China self- sufficient, redistribute land to the peasant from a collectivist society • Appeals to rural peasants, factory workers, and increasingly to radicalized students • Wins strategic support from the Soviet Union

  7. Chinese and Soviet communism China Soviet Union • Peasant support • Had a secured northern border with the USSR, an established communist state • Chinese communists had long administrative experience • Smaller industrial base • Literacy and modern education much lower • Much larger population • Support from industrial workers in cities • Bolsheviks faced universal hostility from capitalist powers • Bolsheviks came to power virtually overnight; not much administrative experience • Larger industrial base and higher literacy rates

  8. Why did the CCP gain popular support? • Fought foreign imperialism and peasant exploitation • Established deep roots among the peasantry • Won support by aggressively pursuing the Japanese invaders during WWII • Reduced rents and interest payments for peasants • Taught literacy to adults & mobilized women • Promoted land reforms in areas under Communist control

  9. Rape of Nanking

  10. WWII in Asia • China continues fight against Japan • The CCP works with the peasants to create effective fighters • The CCP fights harder against the Japanese than the KMT (who still fear CCP more)

  11. Communist Revolution • 1945- WWII ends • 1945-1949: the CCP fights the KMT • 1949: Mao and the CCP control China • KMT retreat to Taiwan

  12. Communist China: The First Decade • Landlords are denounced (1 million killed) and land given to the peasants • Collective farms created 200-300 families per farm • Women equal in the home and workplace • Coal, electricity production up 100% • Steel production up 400%

  13. The Great Leap Forward1958-1961 • Building on previous success, Mao decides to increase the size of the collective farms to become communes • Communes average 15,000 acres with 25,000 people

  14. Great Leap Forward:Commune Life • Communes had collective dining rooms, • communal dormitories, • and raised children in collective nurseries

  15. Great Leap Forward:Impact • Most Communes were poorly planned, ineffective, gave people few incentives to work hard • Crop failure created a famine that killed more than 20 million people • Great Leap Forward officially ended in 1961

  16. The Cultural Revolution • After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, the CCP allowed some loosening of Communist economic idea • Mao disagreed- called for Cultural Revolution

  17. Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 • Mao calls young people to become “Red Guards” • Red Guards were to attack the Four Olds: • old customs • old culture, • old habits • old ideas

  18. Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 • Targets of the Cultural Revolution: • Professors • Teachers • government officials • factory managers • parents

  19. Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 • The Cultural Revolution tried to establish a society of peasants and workers where everyone was equal • Those who worked with their hands were idealized, intellectuals were seen as dangerous- • even if they were Communist intellectuals

  20. Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 • 18 million young people - especially from elite families became the Rusticated Youth • They were sent from cities to learn Communism from the peasants and work in the countryside

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