Journal #10

1. Journal #10 • Merchants – people who buy and sell goods for profit • Indentured servants – colonists who signed a contract to work for 4-7 years for the people who paid their ship fare to America • Planters – wealthy farmers with large plantations • Immigrants – people who left their country of birth to go to a new country

2. Jamestown and the Pilgrims 3.1 and 3.2

3. Bonus Questions • Which conquistador conquered the Aztecs? • What were the 3 types of settlements in New Spain? • What was the Protestant Reformation and who started it? • Who is the famous explorer who has a river in New York and a bay in Canada named for him?

4. The Big Picture • People came to the Americas for 3 basic reasons – the 3 G’s • Gold • Glory • God

5. Settlement in Jamestown • In 1605 a few English merchants ask the Crown for the right to settle in North America • They want to settle in a region called Virginia • At this time between Maine and South Carolina • The London Company prints advertisements praising Virginia • Question: which of the 3 G’s do you think they are going for?

6. Jamestown • Adventurers and people suffering economic trouble in England sign up • In April 1607, the first 3 ships sent arrive off the Virginia coast with 105 male colonists • The ships sail into the Chesapeake Bay and up the James River 40 miles • They call the settlement Jamestown, after King James of England

8. Problems with Jamestown • Most men were adventurers with few useful skills (carpentry, farming, etc.) • The settlement was surrounded by marshes with disease carrying mosquitoes • The river water was too salty to drink safely

9. John Smith • English soldier, explorer, and author • Helped establish the first permanent English settlement in America (Jamestown) • His books and maps encouraged others to come to America • Supposedly saved by Pocahontas • Injured during a war with the Powhatan in 1609 and returned to England • Returns to America to explore New England in 1614 – he named the region

10. The Powhatan Confederacy • Algonquian alliance that brought food to the colonists and taught them to grow corn • The colonists sometimes took food by force • “Why take by force what you may obtain by love…we are willing to give you what you ask for if you come in a friendly manner.” • Chief Powhatan (Pocahontas’ Father) ->

11. More Colonists Arrive • In 1609, 400 more settlers arrived in Jamestown • An injury forces John Smith to return to England • During the winter of 1609-1610, disease and famine hit the colony • “the starving time” • The following spring only 60 of the colonists are still alive

12. The Colony Adapts • Jamestown failed to make a profit for the London Company until John Rolfe found a solution…tobacco • John Rolfe marries Pocahontas • Tobacco was popular in England and grew well in Virginia • In 1612, the colonists begin exporting tobacco to England

13. John Rolfe • Married Pocohontas, Powhatan’s daughter, in 1614 • This marriage made the relationship with the Powhatan more peaceful for a while • In 1617, Pocohontas dies, a year later Powhatan (her father) also dies • Colonists want to grow tobacco on Native land and problems start again

14. War With the Powhatan • In 1622 the colonists killed a Powhatan leader • The Powhatan respond by attacking the colonists, killing 350 men, women, and children • John Rolfe is killed • Fighting lasts 20 more years

15. Daily Life in Virginia • People lived on scattered farms rather than in towns • Tobacco farmers start large plantations with the help of the headright system • You got 50 acres of land if you pay to get to Virginia and 50 more for every person you bring with • Raising a family is difficult • Lots of death (disease) • Men outnumber women 7 to 1 • People had to provide their own basic necessities • No school, few churches, etc.

16. Labor in Virginia • The colonists needed laborers • Some people became indentured servants • 75% of the early Virginia colonists were servants • Many died before their term ended • At first indentured servants were more common than slaves, even some Africans were indentured • Eventually colonists turn to lifelong slaves, usually from Africa • Many planters became rich by using this type of slavery

17. Bacon’s Rebellion • During the mid 1600s many colonists were unhappy with conditions in the colony • High taxes • Lack of available farmland • They begin farming on Native American land • In 1676 a group of former indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon attack a peaceful tribe • When the governor of Virginia steps in, Bacon’s followers burn Jamestown • This leads to more dependence on African slaves

18. The Pilgrims 3.2

19. Religious Tension in England • Was high after the Protestant Reformation • The puritans wanted to reform, or purify, the Church of England • They thought bishops and priests had too much power • Separatists were puritans who cut ties with the Church of England and formed their own churches • English leaders began to punish these people

20. The Pilgrims • Were a group of Separatists who left England to escape religious prosecution • First they go to the Netherlands • Eventually they apply for permission to settle in Virginia

21. Plymouth • On Sept. 20, 1620, 100 people left on the Mayflower – about 40 were Pilgrims • After 2 months they landed north of Virginia at Plymouth Rock in present Massachusetts • They sign the Mayflower Compact • A social contract signed by passengers of the Mayflower in 1620. It had rules of government and laws to protect the general good. One of the first attempts at self government in the English colonies. • Nearly ½ die the first winter of cold and sickness

22. Pilgrims and American Indians • European fishing boats had already been in the Plymouth area and spread diseases • These diseases killed many local Indians, the Pilgrims used their fields to plant crops • Eventually the Pilgrims meet Squanto • Interpreter for the Pilgrims • Guide • Taught the Pilgrims how to farm and catch fish better

23. The Two Tales of Thanksgiving • Thanksgiving tale #1 • After their first harvest around , the Pilgrims invite the Wampanoag to a feast • The event was to thank God for the harvest and it became the first Thanksgiving • Thanksgiving tale #2 • The Puritans are in a war with the Pequot Indian tribe • Pequots = 8,000 in the 1500s, 1,500 left by the 1630s - disease • In 1637 the Puritans kill 700 Pequot men, women and children and sell the rest into slavery • Governor John Winthrop declares “a day of thanksgiving” for the soldiers who returned home safely from the battle • The Pequot leader’s head is displayed on a pole near the entrance to Plymouth • Pequot heads are kicked through the streets like soccer balls

24. Life in Plymouth • People struggled • Families are the center of the community • Religion and education are taught in the family • Community life is focused on the family • Children are needed to help work • Everyone worked together to survive • Women had more rights than in England • They could sign contracts, sue, own land, run inns, and sell liquor

25. Key Questions • What were the push and pull factors that caused people to immigrate to America in the early 1600s? • How were the experiences of immigrants to Jamestown and Massachusetts similar and different?