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Chapter 4- Cell Processes

Chapter 4- Cell Processes. ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation By: Mrs. Stahl Biology. Unit Layout. Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms

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Chapter 4- Cell Processes

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  1. Chapter 4- Cell Processes ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation By: Mrs. Stahl Biology

  2. Unit Layout • Background knowledge • Energy- where does it all come from? • Review of Ecological Terms • Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. • ATP and ADP processes • Photosynthesis • Anatomy and functions of a plant. • Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the chloroplast. • Cellular Respiration and Fermentation • Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and the relationship they have together.

  3. How do we get our energy? • Chemical energy- starts with the sun!

  4. Two Main Sources of Energy: • Lipids • Carbohydrates

  5. Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical reactions

  6. Energy………… • Energy for living things comes from food. • Originally, the energy in food comes from the sun and travels up the food web or food chain.

  7. Let’s review some terminology!! • Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings. • Organism- individual living thing. • Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species. • Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.

  8. Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds. • Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits • Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest. • Biosphere- Planet Earth

  9. Biodiversity- Variety of life • Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight, rocks • Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals • Keystone Species- species that keeps an ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae). • Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants • Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals

  10. Autotrophs

  11. Heterotrophs

  12. Types of Consumers • Herbivores- Eat only plants • Carnivores- Meat eaters • Omnivores- Eat plants and animals • Detritivores- Eat detritus or dead organic matter. • Decomposers- Breakdown dead organic matter into simpler compounds.

  13. Herbivores

  14. Carnivores

  15. Omnivores

  16. Detritivores & Decomposers

  17. Energy Flow • In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!

  18. Food Web • Network of feeding relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Arrows point in the direction which the energy is flowing.

  19. Food Chains • Shows the feeding relationships for a single chain of producers and consumers. Rabbit eats the grass and the hawk eats the rabbit.

  20. How does the energy from the sun flow through an ecosystem? • Trophic levels • Trophic levels are nourishment levels in a food chain. • Example- Producer- Herbivore- Carnivore = 3 Trophic levels • Carnivores are the highest, herbivore are second, and producers are the first.

  21. Break it down further… • Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. • Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. • Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. • Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.

  22. Trophic Levels Shark Triggerfish Shrimp Plants, algae, phytoplankton

  23. How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to trophic level? • We know that ecosystems get their energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain. • The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass

  24. 5 tertiary consumers secondary consumers 5000 primary consumers 500,000 5,000,000 producers producers Carnivores eat herbivores and more energy is lost Herbivores eat plants but burn some energy in the process Energy given off as heat Producers use 100% of energy from the sun

  25. How does life continue? • The sun pumps more energy into the plants allowing life to carry on.

  26. How do organisms lose energy? • Metabolism • Maintaining homeostasis- keeping your body at normal temperature • Mating, finding food, resting, movement, growth, • The same way we use energy so do other organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat. • Unused material = excreted as waste

  27. Example • Grass- Prairie Dog- Coyote • 1st- Grass=Photosynthesis traps energy as carbohydrates = ENERGY! • 2nd Prairie dog eats the grass. The prairie dog uses some of the energy to grow, some is used to fuel cellular respiration. • The loss of energy between levels may be as much as 90%, meaning that only 10% of energy is left over.

  28. Some fun review! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk-9ib0OVA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc

  29. phosphate removed ATP and ADP- Our Main Energy currency

  30. Starch molecule Glucose molecule ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate • Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.

  31. Cells use ATP to: • 1. Carry energy • 2. Build molecules • 3. Move materials by active transport

  32. ATP is made up of: • Sugar ribose • Adenine • Three Phosphates

  33. ATP has 3 phosphate groups: • Third bond is unstable so it is easily broken • When 3rd is removed it’s releasing energy and turns into ADP

  34. Starch molecule Glucose molecule How is ATP made? • Breakdown of sugars

  35. How are sugars made? • By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.

  36. How does ATP work Exactly????? • Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken. • Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off. • Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate. • Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added. • Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!

  37. phosphate removed

  38. What is needed to change ADP into ATP? • Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate

  39. Why is this important? • The foods that you eat don’t contain ATP. • The food needs to be digested and broken down • Everything that you eat has a different calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP. • The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

  40. Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST OF COURSE!). Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?- NO!!!- Different foods have different calories, therefore provide different amounts of ATP.

  41. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule. • The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP. • Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP. Lipids do!

  42. Lipids • Store the most energy, about 80% of the energy in your body. • When they are broken down they yield the most ATP, 146 ATP

  43. Proteins • Store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP. • The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.

  44. Summary • The number of ATPmolecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteinsbroken down. • The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.

  45. Fun Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_xZuCPIHvk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUpuuL24NiQ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI8m6o0gXDY

  46. We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?

  47. Chemosynthesis • Some animals don’t need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy. • Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food. • Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XotF9fzo4Vo

  48. Mind Map Produced when phosphate is added to ADP Energy Carrier ATP Releases energy when converted back to ADP Gets energy from the breakdown of food molecules

  49. Do plants need ATP? • YES!!!!!! • Plants make their own food through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP

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