General Ecology and Population Issues

1. General Ecology and Population Issues Mrs. B-Z

2. Environmental Problems • Population Growth • Wasteful use of Resources • Destruction and degradation of wildlife habitats • Extinction of plants and animals • Poverty • Pollution

3. Human activity has modified or disturbed ____% of the earth’s land. • 73% • 27% remains intact and undisturbed. However the number is always decreasing.

4. Bettering of Society • Longer Life expectancy • Lower Infant Mortality • Higher Crop Yields

5. Environment • Solar and earth capital • Sun’s Energy • Air • Water • Animals and Plants • Minerals • Natural purification • Recycling (natural and artificial) • Pest control

6. Sustainable Society • Manages its economy and population size without exceeding all or part of the planet’s ability to absorb the environmental insults and replenish • Use only what is needed and replenishes what is taken

7. Earth Wisdom • Learning as much as we can about how to sustain the earth

8. Population Growth and the Wealth Gap Types of societies and the differences this has on both population and the environment

9. Exponential Growth • Quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time

10. Population Explosion • Although the global population rate is between 2-5%, the consequences of an increasing population of billions of people has become a key issue in many areas hand has lead to some countries having reproductive law to decrease population growth.

11. 1804192719601974198719992013202820542100 1 billion2 billion3 billion4 billion5 billion6 billion7 billion8 billion9 billion(range of estimates: 10.4-17 billion) Population Estimates

12. The population statistics—people living on the planet at the same time. • 60,000 years ago = 1 billion • 130 years ago = 2 billion • 30 years ago = 3 billion • 15 years ago = 4 billion • 12 years ago = 5 billion • 6 years ago = 6 billion • 2 years ago = 7 billion

13. MDC = More Developed Countries • A country whose standard of living is similar to the US • Industrialized or post-industrialized societies • Which countries can you think of that fall into this category?

14. LDC—Less Developed Countries • Countries that have a much lower standard of living than the US or at least most of the residents have this lower standard of living. • Can you think of countries that fall into this category?

15. Map of Countries

16. Population Changes

17. Map of Countries

18. What caused these jumps in population? • 10,000 – 12,000 years ago the Agricultural Revolution began • 275 years ago the Industrial Revolution • What effect does this lifestyle have on population? • How does this tie into a sustainable society?

19. GNP Gross National Product • Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within and consumed within a country; imported and exported goods

20. Per Capita GNP • GNP/total population

21. Human Population Size and Distribution

22. Population Change • For the Planet: Births – Deaths = population change • For a country: Births + immigrations – (deaths + emigrations) = population change

23. Population Density

24. Populations

25. Birth Rates = live births /1000

26. Death Rates • Deaths/1000 • Factors: • Health care • Technology • Preventative care • Working conditions • Retirement

27. Death Rates

28. NPG and ZPG • ZPG = Zero Population Growth • What is the birth rate for zero population growth? • NPG = Negative Population Growth • Negative population growth can be achieved by decreasing the birth rate to less than 2 per woman of childbearing age or increasing the death rate.

29. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • Average number of children that a woman will have during her childbearing years

30. Traditions Education Marriage Divorce Religion Health Children as labor Urbanization Cost of raising a child Average marrying age Pensions Availability of abortion Contraception Factors Affecting TFRs

31. Infant Mortality—infants who do not live to age one year

32. Resources Types of resources

33. Renewable or Perpetual • Continues without any artificial support • Can you think of any examples of this type of resource? • Solar energy • Wind Energy • Water Energy • Water purification (low yields)

34. Potentially Renewable • Resources that can be renewed but they must be replaced at the rate at which they are being used • Can you think of examples of this? • Trees • Grass • Animals • Lakes • Soil

35. Sustainable Yield • Rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing available supply

36. A resource in fixed quantity that may take too long to replace to be effective Can you think of any examples of this type of resource? Coal Oil Natural gas Uranium Iron Copper Aluminum Salt Clay Sand phosphates Nonrenewable Resource

37. General Ecology Terms and Definitions

38. Biodiversity • Different life forms that can survive the variety of conditions currently found on earth

40. Answers

41. Pollution and Degradation Defining and Understanding

42. Pollution • Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of a living organism

43. Types of Pollution • Number of people x resources x environmental degradation = environmental impact

44. Point Source—the source is identifiable Can you think of examples of this? Nonpoint source—sources are general and not readily identified. Can you think of any of these? Two sources of pollution

45. Characteristics that make a type of pollution harmful • Chemical Nature • Concentration • Persistence • Degradable (less than 10 years) • Slowly Degradable (more than 10 years) • Nondegradable (over 250 years)

46. Pollution Solutions • Prevention • Cleanup • Which would be advocated by environmentalists?

47. Waste and Recycling

48. How long will these last in a landfill? Banana Peel? 2 years Plastic bag? 10-20 years Plastic bottle? 100 years Aluminum Can? 500 years Glass bottles? 1,000 years Styrofoam? 10,000 years at least Facts about Waste Longevity

49. What is a landfill?

50. Alternatives for Waste • Reduce • Reuse • Recycle • Incinerate • Compost