Hong Kong Polytechnic University AF3303 Business Finance

1. Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityAF3303 Business Finance Lecture 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance Instructor: Dr. Jacqueline Wang

2. Key Concepts and Skills • Know the basic types of financial management decisions and the role of the Financial Manager • Know the financial implications of the various forms of business organization • Know the goal of financial management • Understand the conflicts of interest that can arise between owners and managers • Understand the various types of financial markets

3. Chapter Outline 1.1 What is Corporate Finance? 1.2 The Corporate Firm 1.3 The Goal of Financial Management 1.4 The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation 1.5 Financial Markets

4. 1.1 What is Corporate Finance? Corporate Finance addresses the following three questions: • What long-term investments should the firm choose? • How should the firm raise funds for the selected investments? • How should short-term assets be managed and financed?

5. Total Value of Assets: Total Firm Value to Investors: Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity Balance Sheet Model of the Firm

6. The Capital Budgeting Decision Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity What long-term investments should the firm choose?

7. The Capital Structure Decision Current Liabilities Current Assets Long-Term Debt How should the firm raise funds for the selected investments? Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity

8. Short-Term Asset Management Current Liabilities Current Assets Net Working Capital Long-Term Debt How should short-term assets be managed and financed? Fixed Assets 1 Tangible 2 Intangible Shareholders’ Equity

9. 25% Debt 70% Debt 30% Equity 75% Equity Capital Structure The value of the firm can be thought of as a pie. 50% Debt The goal of the manager is to increase the size of the pie. 50% Equity The Capital Structure decision can be viewed as how best to slice the pie. If how you slice the pie affects the size of the pie, then the capital structure decision matters.

10. The Financial Manager The Financial Manager’s primary goal is to increase the value of the firm by: • Selecting value creating projects • Making smart financing decisions

11. Financial Accounting Capital Expenditures Financial Planning Cost Accounting Data Processing Credit Manager Cash Manager Tax Manager Board of Directors Controller Treasurer Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) President and Chief Operating Officer (COO) Hypothetical Organization Chart

12. Firm Financialmarkets Government The Firm and the Financial Markets Firm issues securities (A) Retained cash flows (F) Investsin assets(B) Cash flowfrom firm (C) Dividends anddebt payments (E) Short-term debt Long-term debt Equity shares Current assetsFixed assets Taxes (D) The cash flows from the firm must exceed the cash flows from the financial markets. Ultimately, the firm must be a cash generating activity.

13. 1.2 The Corporate Firm • The corporate form of business is the standard method for solving the problems encountered in raising large amounts of cash. • However, businesses can take other forms.

14. Forms of Business Organization • The Sole Proprietorship • The Partnership • General Partnership • Limited Partnership • The Corporation

15. Corporation Partnership Liquidity Shares can be easily exchanged Subject to substantial restrictions Voting Rights Usually each share gets one vote General Partner is in charge; limited partners may have some voting rights Taxation Double Partners pay taxes on distributions Reinvestment and dividend payout Broad latitude All net cash flow is distributed to partners Liability Limited liability General partners may have unlimited liability; limited partners enjoy limited liability Continuity Perpetual life Limited life A Comparison

16. 1.3 The Goal of Financial Management • What is the correct goal? • Maximize profit? • Minimize costs? • Maximize sales (to be the biggest)? • Maximize employee welfare? • Be socially responsible? • => Maximize shareholders’ wealth

17. 1.4 The Agency Problem • Agency relationship • Principal hires an agent to represent his/her interest • Stockholders (principals) hire managers (agents) to run the company • Agency problem • Conflict of interest between principal and agent

18. Managerial Goals • Managerial goals may be different from shareholder goals • Expensive perquisites • Survival • Independence • Increased growth and size are not necessarily equivalent to increased shareholder wealth

19. Managing Managers • Managerial compensation • Incentives can be used to align management and stockholder interests • The incentives need to be structured carefully to make sure that they achieve their intended goal • Corporate control • The threat of a takeover may result in better management • Other stakeholders

20. 1.5 Financial Markets • Primary Market • Issuance of a security for the first time • Secondary Markets • Buying and selling of previously issued securities • Securities may be traded in either a dealer or auction market • NYSE • NASDAQ

21. Stocks and Bonds Money Primary Market Secondary Market securities money Financial Markets Investors Firms Bob Sue

22. Quick Quiz • What are the three basic questions Financial Managers must answer? • What are the three major forms of business organization? • What is the goal of financial management? • What are agency problems, and why do they exist within a corporation? • What is the difference between a primary market and a secondary market?