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The digestive tract plays a role of bringing life sustaining elements into the body and taking waste products out of it.

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  1. The digestive tract plays a role of bringing life sustaining elements into the body and taking waste products out of it.

  2. Flow of material occurs by peristalsis. A wavelike motion of longitudinal and circular muscle fibers. Another process is segmentation..periodic repeating intestinal constrictions

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18UycWRsaA Peristalsis

  4. Regulation of the actions is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This consists of the

  5. Sympathetic branch

  6. Parasympathetic branch

  7. Parasympathetic stimulation increases intestinal motility, increases secretions and relaxes sphincters

  8. Cholinergic drugs stimulate these actionsAnticholinergic drugs inhibit these actions

  9. Gastrointestinal drugshelp maintain the unobstructed and regulated flow of food into the body and waste products out of the body

  10. Types of Gastrointestinal drugs

  11. Saliva Stopping : Antisialogues

  12. These drugs can be administered I.V, I.M or SQ, and are often given secondary to anesthetic use.These anticholinergic drugs block the effects of acetylcholine (a neuro transmitter) at parasympathetic nerve endings

  13. These drugs are used to control:* hypersalivation*vomiting*diarrhea*excessive gastric secretions

  14. Glycopyrrolate (Robinul)

  15. Atropine

  16. Diarrhea Stopping Drugs:Diarrhea is not a disease, but a sign of an underlying problem and can cause excessive fluid loss and a decrease in the uptake of nutrients.

  17. Antidiarrheals decrease peristalsis allowing fluid absorption from the intestinal contents. These include:*anticholinergics*protectants*adsorbents*narcotic analgesics

  18. Anticholinergics*used to treat tenesmusthese drugs should be used with caution as motility may already be decreased.

  19. Protectants/Adsorbents*coat the inflamed intestinal tract with a protective layer*binding bacteria, digestive enzymes and or toxins to protect the mucosa

  20. Narcotic (Opiate related drugs)*decrease intestinal secretions and flow of feces, increasing segmental contractions resulting in increased intestinal absorption

  21. Probiotics

  22. *seed the gastrointestinal tract with beneficial bacteria. Some forms of diarrhea are caused by the disruption of normal bacteria flora

  23. Metronidazole is an antibiotic that is effective against anaerobic bacteria and may be used to regulate intestinal bacteria and help return the stool to normal consistency

  24. Stool Loosening

  25. laxative: loosens bowel contents and encourages evacuation of stoolcathartic: harsher laxative resulting in watery stool and abdominal crampingpurgative: harsher cathartic.

  26. Types of laxatives:*osmotic*stimulant*bulk forming*emollients (stool softener)

  27. Osmotic:Include salts or saline, lactulose and glycerin.These salts pull water into the colon and increase the water content in the feces.

  28. Stimulant laxatives increase peristalsis by chemically irritating sensory nerve endingsBulk forming laxatives consists of natural fibrous substances that absorb water into intestinal tract, increase fecal bulk stimulate peristalsis resulting in large soft stool production

  29. Emollients are stool softeners, lubricants, and fecal wetting agents. These drugs are not absorbed systemically and have few side effects

  30. Antiemetic Drugs

  31. The act of vomiting is controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla of the brain. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter for the vomiting center.

  32. This center gets input from pathways including*equilibrium changes*pain*fear*intracranial pressure changes*vagus nerve stimulation *activity in chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

  33. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter for the CRTZ and stimulation of the CRTZ results in dopamine release and stimulation of the vomiting center.

  34. Types of antiemetics*Phenothiazine derivatives: inhibit dopamine in CRTZ.

  35. Antihistamines: block input from the vestibular system to the CRTZ

  36. Anticholinergics block acetylcholine which decreases intestinal motility. HOWEVER these drugs also decrease gastric emptying and may in fact increase the tendency to vomit

  37. Procainamide derivatives block the CRTZ and speed gastric emptying. Do not use in obstructed animals due to the stimulation of gastric motility

  38. Vomit Producing Drugs: Emeticsused in the tx of poisonings and drug overdoses.Check with poison control prior to administering emetics

  39. Remember…horses, cattle sheep and goats are unable to vomit

  40. Apomorphinestimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ. Given SQ, IM or topically in the conjunctival sac

  41. Xylazine (Rompun)induces vomiting in cats as a side effect of its use as a sedative =

  42. Ipecac syrup, salt and hydrogen peroxide are also commonly used to induce vomiting.Activated charcoal may be given to reduce absorption of toxins when vomiting is contraindicated

  43. Ulcer stopping Drugs

  44. Antiulcer drugs: prevent the formation of ulcersAntiactids: promote ulcer healingHistamine-2: prevent acid reflux by reducing gastric acid secretion.

  45. Antifoaming Drugs.Used in ruminants who are subject to acute frothy bloat. The rumen distends with gas that mixes with fluid to form a froth which can asphyxiate the animal

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