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Ecosphere

Solar Radiation (T eff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR). Earth’s Radiation (T eff ~ 300K mainly IR). Material Flows in the Economy. Needs & Wants. high-entropy Energy. Low-entropy Energy. Services. Sink for: Wastes & Emissions. Products. Materials. Production.

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Ecosphere

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  1. Solar Radiation (Teff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR) Earth’s Radiation(Teff ~ 300K mainly IR) Material Flows in the Economy Needs & Wants high-entropy Energy Low-entropy Energy Services Sink for: Wastes & Emissions Products Materials Production Anthroposphere Ecosphere • All materials that enter the economic system will eventually leave it • Large amounts of low-entropy energy are needed to drive the economic system • All economic activity is essentially dissipative of both energy and materials

  2. Solar Radiation (Teff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR) Earth’s Radiation(Teff ~ 300K mainly IR) Towards Industrial Ecosystems Needs & Wants high-entropy Energy Low-entropy Energy Services Sink for: Wastes & Emissions Products Materials Production Anthroposphere Ecosphere • Closing material loops • Dematerialization • Avoiding hazardous and toxic substances • Thermodynamically efficient use of energy

  3. Industrial ecosystem: Biogeochemical analogy – R U Ayres extraction Natural Environment Raw Materials extraction waste production waste material consumption production waste recycling product waste product waste recycling Final Products Productive Capital product remanufacturing product manufacturing

  4. Industrial ecosystem: Biogeochemical analogy – R U Ayres mobilization Inorganic sedimentary rock sulfate phosphate carbonate Nutrients carbon nitrogen phosphorus sulfur sequestration assimilation (photosynthesis) sequestration mobilization regeneration regeneration Bio-products (non-living) humus detritus Biomass (living) death excretion

  5. Industrial Ecosystems: Waste as Resource in the Wrong Place Recycling Reuse Collection Use Commoditysupply Production andmanufacturing Production waste Manufacturing waste Post-consumer waste Environment Landfill and other disposal Renewable and nonrenewable material resources Releases to air, land, water

  6. Industrial ecosystem: Food chain analogy – T E Graedel Solar energy Primary Producer Smelter Primary Consumer Wire producer Secondary Consumer Cable producer Tertiary Consumer Computer manufacturer Data cable Copper ingots Copper wire Copper ingots Production waste Concentrated copper ore Reusables PC Extractor Miner Secondary producer Recycler Collector Top Consumer Customer Eol PC Recyclables Copper ore Lost material

  7. Industrial ecosystem: Food chain analogy – T E Graedel Solar energy Primary Producer Plankton Primary Consumer Invertebrate Secondary Consumer Small fish Tertiary Consumer Large fish Excretions, carcasses Inorganic materials Mineral salts Extractor Bacteria Decomposer Bacteria Top Consumer Shark Carcasses Minerals, other resources Lost material

  8. Industrial Ecosystems: Waste-into-Resource Linkages between Firms Firm 3 Material flows Firm 1 Firm 4 Firm 6 Energy flows Firm 2 Firm 5 Firm 7

  9. Industrial Symbiosis: The Example of Kalundborg Gyproc A/Splasterboardplant Liquid fertilizerproduction Statoilrefinery Sulfur Gas (back-up) Gypsum District heatingfor Kalundborg Steam Lake Tissø Steam Energy E2Asnæspower station Ni and Vrecovery Cementor roads Heat Fish farming Fly ash Steam Sludge Novo Nordisk Novozymes A/SPharmaceuticals Wastewatertreatmentplant SoilremA/S Sludge Farming Yeast Sludge

  10. Flue Gas Desulphurization: CaCO3 + SO2 + ½O2 + 2H2O  CaSO4.2H2O + CO2 Calcium Carbonate Gypsum Firm 1 Waste Management Waste Processing Original (Virgin) Input Firm 2 Exchange is mutually beneficial if waste management cost savings are larger than the cost difference between using original and alternative production input

  11. Reading for Monday, 3 March:WEEE Directive (2002) Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) ROHS Directive (2002) Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment(are posted on course website)

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