Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic Engineering Gel Electrophoresis Genetic engineering Stem Cells Cloning

2. Individual Genetic Differences: The difference between each living thing is the order of the base pairs in DNA A. Each person has millions of base pairs B. Some sequences of DNA are repeated

3. DNA Gel Electrophoresis • DNA molecule is separated from the cell • It is cut into several pieces of different sizes using restriction enzymes • A restriction enzyme cuts DNA at specific locations • The DNA fragments are poured into a gel, which is not completely solid and contains pores • DNA is a negatively charged molecule so it is attracted to a positive charge at the opposite end of the gel

4. DNA Gel Electrophoresis • The DNA fragments are sorted by size a. Large fragments move slowly through the pores in the gel b. Small fragments move quickly through the pores in the gel • The DNA fragments are stained so they can be seen • Different banding patterns show up on the gel where the DNA stopped moving • These bands of DNA can be compared between organisms

7. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting: • Paternity and maternity tests • Criminal identification and forensics • Personal identification

9. Genetic Engineering: Purposefully bring about genetic changes by way of recombinant DNA Technology

10. Recombinant DNA Technology: The isolation, cutting, and splicing together of gene regions from different species Amplify the number of genes Then genes and their protein products are created for research projects

11. Three Basic Activities Specific enzymes used to cut DNA into fragments Fragments inserted into cloning tools such as plasmids Fragments are then rapidly copied for research

12. Plasmid Small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can be rapidly copied

13. Goals of Genetic Engineering: Isolating, modifying, and inserting particular genes back into the same organism or into a different one Modify traits influenced by those genes in beneficial ways Controlling or curing genetic disorders

14. Products of Genetic Engineering: Stronger & better crop plants Stronger & bigger livestock New breeds of animals and plants

15. Human Genome Project: Mapping out the function of genes found on the 3.2 billion base pairs found in our 23 chromosomes Specific functions & disorders have for the most part been found on the DNA chain 99.9% of the nucleotide sequence is the same for every human

16. Gene Therapy: Transferring a normal gene into the body cells of an individual to correct a genetic defect or boost resistance to a disease You could also change non-life threatening genes as well (appearance, character, behavior, etc.)

17. Stem Cells Cells in the body that have the ability to reproduce quickly and develop into any specialized type of cell

18. Embryonic Stem Cells Stem cells found in human embryos Controversy on whether embryos typically used for in vitro fertilization can be used (400,000 not used every year) There are adult stem cells but in much smaller numbers

19. Restrictions: • Restriction on funding and access to stem cells exist currently and sometimes vary state to state. • Recently: • FDA approves clinical trials for embryonic stem cell research • President Obama pushing for less restrictions

20. Cloning: Process of creating genetically identical multi-cellular organisms

21. Process: Inserting a genetically modified egg into the uterus of a host organism Not overly successful (237 eggs needed to create Dolly the sheep) Doesn’t necessary result in an identical individual due to DNA mutations