Basic Cost Management Concepts

1. Basic Cost Management Concepts Prepared by Douglas Cloud Pepperdine University

2. Objectives 1. Describe a cost management information system, its objectives, and its major subsystems, and indicate how it relates to other operating and information systems. 2. Explain the cost assignment process. 3. Define tangible and intangible products, and explain why there are different product cost definitions. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

3. Objectives 4. Prepare income statements for manufacturing and service organizations. 5. Explain the differences between traditional and contemporary cost management systems.

4. A Systems Framework Asystem is a set of interrelated parts that performs one or more processes to accomplish specific objectives. Example:An air conditioning system for a home

5. Operational Model of an Air Conditioning System Delivery Process Inputs: Freon Warm Air Electricity Inputs: Cooled Air Electricity Ducts Output: Delivered Cooled Air Output: Cooled Air Cooling Process

6. Accounting Information System An accounting information system is a system consisting of interrelated manual and computer parts, using processes such as collecting, recording, summarizing, analyzing, and managing data to provide information to users. Like any system, an accounting information system consists of: (1) objectives, (2) interrelated parts, (3) processes, and (4) outputs.

7. Operational Model for an Accounting Information System Processes Outputs Users Special Reports Financial Statements Budgets Performance Reports Personal Communication Collecting Classifying Summarizing Analyzing Managing Economic Events Inputs

8. Accounting Information Systems The financial accounting information system is an accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for external users. The cost management information system is an accounting information subsystem that is primarily concerned with producing outputs for internal users using inputs and processes needed to satisfy management objectives.

9. Accounting Information Systems The cost management information system has three broad objectives that provide information for-- 1) Costing out services, products, and other objects of interest to management 2) Planning and control 3) Decision making

10. An Integrated Cost Management System Design and Development System Production System Cost Management System Customer Servicing System Marketing and Distribution System

11. The Subsystems of the Accounting Information System Financial Accounting Information System Cost Management Information System Cost Accounting Information System Operational Control System Accounting Information System

12. Basic Cost Concepts • Costis the cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization. • Costsare incurred to produce future benefits. • Expired costs are called expenses. • Unexpired costs are classified as assets and appear on the balance sheet. • Assigning cost accurately to cost objects is crucial.

13. Basic Cost Concepts Acost objectis any item, such as products, customers, departments, projects, activities, and so on, for which costs are measured and assigned. Example: A bicycle is a cost object when you are determining the cost to produce a bicycle. An activity is a basic unit of work performed within an organization. Example: Setting up equipment, moving materials, maintaining equipment, designing products, etc.

14. Basic Cost Concepts Traceabilityis the ability to assign a cost to a cost object in an economically feasible way by means of a causal relationship. Direct costsare those costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost object. Example: The salary of a supervisor of a department, where the department is defined as the cost object.

15. Basic Cost Concepts Indirect costsare those costs that cannot be traced easily and accurately to a cost object. Example: The cost of heating and cooling a plant that manufactures five products.

16. Cost Assignment Methods Cost of Resources Resource Drivers Direct Tracing Driver Tracing Allocation Convenience Assumed Linkage Physical Observation Activity Drivers Cost Objects

17. Research and Development Production Production Marketing Marketing Customer Service Customer Service Value-Chain Product Costs Operating Product Costs Traditional Product Costs Product Cost Definitions Production Pricing Decisions Product Mix Decisions Strategic Profitability Analysis Strategic Design Decisions Tactical Profitability Analysis External Financial Reporting

18. Manufacturing Costs Direct materialsare those materials that are directly traceable to the goods or services being produced. Example: The cost of wood in furniture. Direct laboris the labor that is directly traceable to the goods or services being produced. Example: Wages of assembly-line workers. Overheadare all other manufacturing costs. Example:Plant depreciation, utilities, property taxes, indirect materials, indirect labor, etc.

19. Nonproduction Costs Marketing (selling) costsare the costs necessary to market, distribute, and service a product or service. Example:Advertising, storage costs, and freight out. Administrative costsare the costs associated with research, development, and general administration of the organization that cannot reasonably be assigned to either marketing or production. Example: Legal fees, salary of the chief executive officer.

20. Nonproduction Costs For external financial reporting, marketing and administrative costs are not inventoried. They are referred to as period costs.

21. Direct Materials Prime Cost Direct Labor Conversion Cost Overhead Nonproduction or Operating Costs Production or Manufacturing Costs Marketing Expense Order-Getting Costs Order-Filling Costs Administrative Expense

22. Manufacturing OrganizationIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2004 Sales $2,800,000 Less: Cost of goods sold 1,300,000 Gross margin $ 700,000 Less operating expenses: Selling expenses $300,000 Administrative expenses 150,000 450,000 Operating income $ 250,000 From the Cost of Goods Sold Schedule

23. Statement of Cost of Goods ManufacturedFor the Year Ended December 31, 2004 Direct materials: Beginning inventory $200,000 Add: Purchases 450,000 Materials available $650,000 Less: Ending inventory 50,000 Direct materials used in production $ 600,000 Direct labor 350,000 Manufacturing overhead: Indirect labor $122,500 Depreciation 177,500 Rent 50,000 Utilities 37,500 Property taxes 12,500 Maintenance 50,000 450,000 Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000 continued

24. Work in process consists of all partially completed units found in production at a given point in time. Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000 Add: Beginning work in process 200,000 Less: Ending work in process 400,000 Cost of goods manufactured $1,200,000

25. Cost of Goods Sold Schedule For the Year Ended December 31, 2004 Cost of goods manufactured $1,200,000 Add: Beginning inventory finished goods 250,000 Cost of goods available for sale $1,450,000 Less: Ending inventory finished goods 150,000 Cost of goods sold $1,300,000 From the Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured

26. Activity-Based Management Model Activities Performance Analysis Products and Customers Cost View Resources Process View Driver Analysis Why? What? How well?

27. Functional-Based and Activity-Based Cost Management Systems Functional-Based 1.Unit-based drivers 2. Allocation-intensive 3. Narrow and rigid product costing 4. Focus on managing costs 5. Sparse activity information 6. Maximization of individual unit performance 7. Uses financial measures of performance

28. Functional-Based and Activity-Based Cost Management Systems Activity-Based 1. Unit- and nonunit-based drivers 2. Tracing intensive 3. Broad, flexible product costing 4. Focus on managing activities 5. Detailed activity information 6. Systemwide performance maximization 7. Uses both financial and nonfinancial measures of performance

29. Trade-Off Between Measurement and Error Costs Cost Total Cost Measurement Cost Error Cost High Accuracy Low Accuracy Optimal Level

30. New Optimum Shifting Costs Cost Old Measurement Cost New Measurement Cost New Error Cost Old Error Cost Old Optimum Low Accuracy High

31. End of Chapter