Expectancy Theory of Motivation

1. Expectancy Theory of Motivation Frederick Herzberg & Abraham Maslow By: Oluyemisi Okudele

2. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and ... • the condition of being motivated; "his motivation was at a high level" • the act of motivating; providing incentive. • Frederick Herzberg proposed a theory of motivation based on the idea that some factors motivate and some demotivate. • Other theories saw motivation and demotivation occurring when the same single factor was changed. • Frederick Herzberg saw that hygiene factors caused dissatisfaction by their absence, but did not cause motivation by their increased presence. (Citation: Huitt, W. 2004).

3. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Imagine the office was too cold. This will dissatisfy you. However making the office exactly the right temperature will not motivate you positively. • Conversely, motivation factors include things such as achievement, growth and crucially work itself. • Prior to Maslow, researchers generally focused separately on such factors as biology, achievement, or power to explain what energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior. • Abraham Maslow attempted to synthesize a large body of research related to human motivation. • Maslow posited a hierarchy of human needs based on two groupings: deficiency needs and growth needs. Within the deficiency needs, each lower need must be met before moving to the next higher level. (Citation: Huitt, W 2004).

4. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Once each of these needs has been satisfied, if at some future time a deficiency is detected, the individual will act to remove the deficiency • Physiological: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc.; • Safety/security: out of danger; • Belonginess and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and • Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition. (Citation: Huitt, W. 2004).

5. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Why do people do things, at all? Or why do they do them in the way they do them? Why not another way? • For a long time the only people who looked into these questions were philosophers, and they looked at the question from a point of view of how one should act, how to live a ‘good’ life. • As a human, people are concerned with human motivation as a means to an end; be that making people happy or getting them to be more productive. • There are many theories and models of human motivation. • These theories, show how they relate to one another and how they essentially provide different views of the same phenomena. (Citation: Huitt, W 2004).

6. Expectancy Theory of Motivation 1)Needs based theories 2)Outcome-based theories • Needs based theories shows that people are motivated to do things in order to rectify something missing, to fulfill a need. • Maslow is famous for what is called the hierarchy of needs; • Simply put the type of need you experience is dependant on the types of other needs fulfilled. • These needs are arranged in a hierarchy which shows which needs need to be fulfilled before the next need is experienced. • Some needs are very fundamental, like warmth or food, and some are less fundamental like the need for a beautiful environment. • The crucial point is that you will always experience needs; the needs experienced are dependent on those already fulfilled (Citation: Huitt, W 2004).

7. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Starting from the bottom of the pyramid the needs become progressively more removed from the basic survival, or physiological needs for warmth, food, etc • The concept is that until each preceding need has at least largely been met then the next need does not manifest itself. For example, unless I fell secure and safe I am unlikely to be concerned about my need for a loving family unit of the acceptance of my peer group. • These basic needs can be grouped together - as the lower four are - into what Maslow termed "deficiency needs", that is a need as a result of a deficiency of something. • Without these needs being met we cannot move beyond the basic required psychophysical inputs required for us to exist. • Essentially the first four needs are more animalistic, and are certainly basic and inherent. In this way these deficiency needs can be compared to Herzberg’s Hygiene factor (Citation: Huitt, W 2004).

8. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Assuming these needs are largely met, the 'higher' needs can then be experienced. Maslow termed these "growth needs". • In the middle band, these include the need for knowledge and intellectual exploration as well as the need for beauty and to appreciate aesthetics. • Once these are largely fulfilled one can then experience the need to achieve your potential, that of self-actualization, as Maslow says "What humans can be, they must be. • They must be true to their own nature. This need we may call self-actualization". • Finally a need go beyond the ego or to help others achieve their self-actualization is experienced. This last need is termed transcendence. • These theories has been applied to nursing in many ways; I f a patient is not well, which is the safety needs, he/she will not think of belongingness or love. • When these needs are met, then the 'higher needs can then be experienced. (Motivateus.com, 2009)

9. Expectancy Theory of Motivation • Research was conducted by Robert C. Gardner University on Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning (Arrod.co.uk, 2006). • David C. McClelland's research into achievement motivation; shows that some people has intense needs to achieve, and others are not concern (Arrod.co.uk, 2006). • David C. McClelland's research led him to believe that needs for achievement is a distinct human motive that can be distinguished from others. (Accel Team Development, 2008). • These theory could be applied to my practice in many ways; • As a psych nurse, my department (forensic Unit) the patients are there for competency, and most of my patients are sick medically. I have to be sure to solve the safety issues first, by following doctors orders and medicating them. • Then, if they get better, we can then start thinking of them been competent enough to appear in court for sentencing. • So these starts my part of showing them the outcome of them serving their time, and going to their family. Family will be a motivation for them to try to get better medically, and also to be competent enough to go to court.

10. References • Accel Team Development(2008). Advancing Employee Developments: Retrieved September 29th 2009 from, http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_06_mcclelland.html • Arrod.co.uk(2006), Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Retrieved September 29th 2009 from,http://www.arrod.co.uk/archive/concept_maslow_hierarchy.php • Citation: Huitt, W. (2004). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved September 29th 2009 from, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html • Motivateus.com(2009)Motivation and Inspiration On A Daily Basis. Retrieved September 29th 2009 from, http://www.motivateus.com