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Brain Awareness Week European Parliament, Brussels 15 March 2011

Education: a lifelong challenge for the brain. Brain Awareness Week European Parliament, Brussels 15 March 2011. Colin Blakemore University of Oxford. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRIB Centre, Oxford). Basic organization of the brain in largely genetically determined. S1 S2

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Brain Awareness Week European Parliament, Brussels 15 March 2011

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  1. Education: a lifelong challenge for the brain Brain Awareness Week European Parliament, Brussels 15 March 2011 Colin Blakemore University of Oxford

  2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRIB Centre, Oxford)

  3. Basic organization of the brain in largely genetically determined

  4. S1 S2 A1 V1 V2 Expansion of the cortex during evolution has generated space for additional specialized areas Krubitzer, L & Kahn, DM (2003) Prog Neurobiol

  5. The exceptional brain of modern humans Homo sapiens Encephalization Quotient ● Old World monkeys □ New World monkeys + Apes Hominids: 1 aferensis 2 africanus 3 boisei 4 robustus 5 habilis 6 erectus Martin, RD (1984) Body size, brain size and feeding strategies

  6. Big brains are clever brains... ...but not without knowledge and experience

  7. Humans have the capacity to reflect on the past and anticipate the future... ...sometimes

  8. Primary areas for sensation and movement Movement Touch Hearing Vision

  9. … and for spoken language Broca’s area Wernicke’s area

  10. V5/MT V1, V2 Separate processing of form and motion

  11. Faces Objects Objects (parahippocampal gyrus) Faces (fusiform gyrus) Face-selective and object-selective areas

  12. Verbs Visual Contrast & Form Colin Clifford, University of Sydney Bedny, M et al. (2008) J Neurosci. 28: 11347

  13. David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

  14. Activity-dependent plasticity in sensory cortex Blakemore, C & Cooper, GF (1970) Nature 228: 477 Sengpiel, F et al (1999) Nature Neurosci 2: 727

  15. mGluR5 PLCβ1 mGluR5 knockout PLC-β1 knockout Cortical cells Control Control Hannan, AJ et al (2001) Nature Neurosci 4: 282

  16. The hippocampus: essential for personal memories

  17. Learning to navigate Eleanor Maguire, UCL

  18. Right posterior hippocampus enlarges

  19. VISUAL MOTION TACTILEMOTION VIEWING FACES TOUCHING FACES NORMAL, SIGHTED LATE-ONSET BLIND Goyal, MS et al (2006) NeuroReport 17: 1381 Touch takes over visual areas in the blind

  20. THERAPY Changes in the brain after stroke Using normal hand Additional areas of brain activity Using affected hand Johansen-Berg, H, Matthews, PM et al, FMRIB Centre, Oxford

  21. Changing the proportion of stem cells re-entering the cell cycle Chenn, A & Walsh, CA (2002) Science 297; 365 Reducing cell death Kuida, K et al (1998) Cell 94: 325 Mutations make mice with big brains

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