Nursing Research in America

1. Nursing Research in America

2. Barbara J. Speck, PhD, RN • Visiting Faculty Scholar • Shandong University School of Nursing • Jinan, Shandong, China • Associate Professor • University of Louisville School of Nursing • Louisville, Kentucky, USA

3. Nursing Research • Historical perspective • National Institutes of Health • National Institute of Nursing Research • University Faculty Research • Programs of research and areas of interest • Publications in Research Journals • Research Funding

4. Historical Perspective • Early nursing research in America began over 100 years ago • Limited nursing research until 1950s • Nursing Research first published, 1951 • Nurses earned graduate degrees • Masters degree • PhD degrees were earned in Social Sciences/Education • Now more than 100 PhD programs in Schools of Nursing in America • Multiple journals for publication

5. What is Nursing Research? Nursing research develops knowledge to • Build scientific foundation for clinical practice • Prevent disease and disability • Manage and eliminate symptoms of illness • Enhance end-of-life and palliative care (National Institute of Nursing Research, 2011)

6. National Institutes of Health (NIH) • The National Institutes of Health provides funding for research through 27 institutes and centers • Peer review of proposals is rigorous • National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) • National Center for Nursing Research became an institute in 1993. (National Institutes of Health, 2011)

7. 2006 Strategic Plan: Nursing Research Areas of Emphasis Health promotion and disease prevention (HPDP) Improve quality of life Eliminate health disparities End of life care (National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006) 2008 Executive Report: Research Priorities Mothers and Infants HIV Infection Elderly, Long Term Care Symptom management Informatics Technology (National Institute of Nursing, 2011) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

8. Ongoing Research Interests • NINR supports research studies in addition to the 10 focus areas • Investigator-initiated ideas • Understudied topics • Collaboration with other Institutes at the National Institutes of Health

9. Nursing Research Makes a Difference • Community level intervention to improve management of hypertension in high risk African-American young men. • Use of coping skills training to help adolescents understand how to manage their type I diabetes.

10. Nursing Research Makes a Difference • Positive effect of culturally sensitive intervention focused on preparing healthy, low-fat foods with practical strategies to reduce the use of fats in rural minorities. • Improving cardiovascular health of school children through health promotion interventions. (National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006)

11. Snapshot of Nursing Research • Nursing faculty research programs at major American universities • Publications in nursing research journals

12. Nursing Research: U.S. Universities • University of California San Francisco • University of Pennsylvania • University of Washington • Johns Hopkins University

13. University of California San Francisco • In 2010 UCSF School of Nursing received almost $10 million US dollars in funding from the National Institutes of Health. • $10 million dollars is about 2% of the total all Schools at UCSF received for funding from NIH in 2010. (National Institutes of Health Online Reports, 2011)

14. University of California San Francisco School of Nursing Faculty • NINR research focus areas: • Health promotion and disease prevention • Quality of life • Health disparities • Symptom management • Technology

15. University of California San Francisco Other Research Focus Areas • Biobehavioral research • Patient safety • Violence and trauma • Genetics • Health care workers • Nursing education and practice

16. Australia Brazil Canada France Israel Italy Norway Mozambique South Africa Switzerland Tanzania Western Kenya (University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, 2011) University of California San FranciscoInternational Collaborations

17. University of Pennsylvania • In 2010 UPenn School of Nursing received almost $9.5 million US dollars in funding from the National Institutes of Health. • $9.5 million dollars is about 2.5% of the total all Schools at UPenn received for funding from NIH in 2010. (National Institutes of Health Online Reports, 2011)

18. University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Faculty • NINR Research Focus Areas: • Health promotion and disease prevention • Quality of Life • Health disparities • Symptom Management

19. University of Pennsylvania Other Research Focus Areas • Measurement • Recruitment and Retention • Acute care • Nursing History • Nursing Outcomes • Nurse safety and nurse staffing (University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 2011)

20. University of Washington • In 2010 UW School of Nursing received almost $8 million US dollars in funding from the National Institutes of Health. • $8 million dollars is about 2% of the total all Schools at UW received for funding from NIH in 2010. (National Institutes of Health Online Reports, 2011)

21. University of Washington School of Nursing Faculty NINR Research Focus Areas: • Health promotion and disease prevention • Quality of Life • Health disparities • End of Life • Symptom Management

22. University of Washington Other Research Focus Areas • Research Methods (statistics and recruitment) • Rural Health • Caregivers • Occupational Health • Genetics • Nursing Workforce • Nursing Education (University of Washington School of Nursing, 2011)

23. Johns Hopkins University • In 2010 JHU School of Nursing received almost $6 million US dollars in funding from the National Institutes of Health. • $6 million dollars is about 1% of the total all Schools at JH received for funding from NIH in 2010. (National Institutes of Health Online Reports, 2011)

24. Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Faculty • NINR Research Focus Areas: • Health promotion and disease prevention • Quality of Life • Health disparities • End of Life • Symptom Management

25. Johns Hopkins University • Other Research Focus Areas • Measurement • Rural Health • Basic Science • Violence • Palliative Care • Health Literacy • Nursing Education and Nursing Shortage

26. Faculty Research and NINR • Current faculty research includes focus areas identified in the Strategic Plan and Executive Summary as well as many other areas of research. • Many faculty research programs were developed before the NINR Strategic Plan. • This is a small sample of all nursing research in America. • NINR is committed to funding nursing research that has the potential to make a difference in improving health status.

27. Institutional Review Board • All research in America with human subjects must be approved by a review board. • The purpose is specifically to protect human subjects’ rights. • The application can be very complex and includes the informed consent document each subject must sign before participation.

28. Informed Consent • The Informed Consent form is likely to be long and complex. • Parents sign for minor age children and older children sign an assent form. • It is the responsibility of the researcher to submit the application and comply with all regulations, including assurance the subject understands the form before signing.

29. Publication • Dozens of journals for nurses to submit their research for publication • Nurses submit manuscripts to both nursing and non-nursing journals • For researchers, publication is a responsibility for dissemination of results. • Presentations at research and professional conferences are important; publication is essential.

30. Peer Review • The peer review process is required by many journals. • Manuscripts are sent to 2 or 3 peer reviewers for critical review. • Criteria include evaluation of design, sample, instruments, procedures, analysis and conclusions. • One of the criteria for review is often related to theory or conceptual model that frames the study.

31. Publication • Journals that publish the highest quality of research are the most difficult for acceptance. • Journals reject many manuscripts each year: • Lack quality; lack clarity • Too many manuscripts and not enough space • Manuscript not appropriate for the journal

32. Nursing Journals • Three Nursing Research Journals • Nursing Research • Research in Nursing & Health • Western Journal of Nursing Research • Year - 2010

33. Nursing Research • First published in 1951 • Peer-reviewed • Published six times per year

34. Nursing Research • Summary of Articles related to the Research topics in the 10 NINR Focus areas: • Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (7) • Quality of Life (2) • Disparities (a component of multiple articles) • Mothers and Infants (3) • Symptom management (1)

35. Nursing Research • Other Research Topics: • Research Methods (7) • Measurement (8) • Theoretical or Theory (1) • Meta-analysis (2) • Chronic Diseases (6) • Acute Care (2) • Children (3) • Geriatrics (2) • Alternative Interventions (4) • Evidence-based practice (6) • Military focused articles • Nurses (5)

36. Research in Nursing & Health • First published in 1978 • Peer-reviewed • Published six times per year

37. Research in Nursing & Health • Summary of Articles related to the Research topics in the 10 NINR Focus areas: • Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (4) • Disparities (a component of multiple articles) • Maternal/Child (4)

38. Research in Nursing & Health • Other Research Topics: • Research Methods (9) • Measurement (4) • Theoretical or Theory (4) • Chronic Diseases (9) • Autism (1) • Community-based nursing (1) • Nurses or Nursing Education (5)

39. Western Journal of Nursing Research • First published in 1979 • Peer-reviewed • Published eight times per year

40. Western Journal of Nursing Research • Summary of Articles Related to the topics in the 10 NINR Focus areas: • Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (10) • Quality of Life (1) • Disparities a component of multiple articles • Maternal/Child (3)

41. Western Journal of Nursing Research • Other Research Topics • Research Methods (4) • Measurement (4) • Research Review (1) • Theoretical or Theory (4) • Chronic Diseases (7) • Acute Care (2) • Substance Abuse (2) • Geriatrics (2) • Women’s Health (3) • Nurses or Nursing Education (11)

42. Funding for Nursing Research

43. Funding • Essential for most nursing research • Funding Sources: U.S. Government • National Institutes of Health • U.S. Department of Agriculture • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • Agency for Health Care Research & Quality • Department of Veterans Affairs

44. Funding • National Organizations for Specific Diseases • American Heart Association • American Diabetes Association • American Cancer Society

45. Funding • Professional Organizations • American Nurses Foundation • Sigma Theta Tau, International • Oncology Nurses Society • Industry • Pharmaceutical Companies • Medical Equipment Companies

46. FUNDING Other Sources of Funding • University and Schools • State or City Governments • Local organizations • Local Foundations

47. Summary • Nursing research in America has increased in quantity and improved in quality over the last 60 years. • Focus areas for research are diverse. • Funding is necessary for most studies. • Dissemination of results of research is essential and is the responsibility of the researcher or research team.

48. References Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Currently Funded Research and Sponsored Projects. Retrieved from http://nursing.jhu.edu/faculty_research/projects/index.html August 25, 2011. National Institutes of Health, Retrieved from http://www.nih.gov October 4, 2011. National Institutes of Health Online Reports. Retrieved from http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/FindOrg August 25, 2011. National Institute of Nursing Research. Retrieved from www.ninr.nih.gov August 22, 2011. National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR): Changing practice, changing lives, NINR Strategic Plan. (2006). United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). Retrieved from www.ninr.nih.gov , August 22, 2011. University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, Retrieved from http://nurseweb.ucsf.edu August 24, 2011. University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Retrieved from www.nursing.upenn.edu August 25, 2011. University of Washington School of Nursing. Retrieved from www.son.washington.edu/faculty August 25, 2011.