enzymes medicinal and industrial use

1. Enzymes Industrial And Medicinal and Environmental Uses Dr.Sujit Ghosh

2. Microbial enzymes play a major role in food industries because they are more stable than plant and animal enzymes. They can be produced through fermentation techniques in a cost-effective manner with less time and space requirement, and because of their high consistency, process modification and optimization can be done very easily Many of these enzymes find numerous applications in various industrial sectors, amylolytic enzymes find applications in food, detergent, paper and textile industries They are used 1. for the production of glucose syrups, crystalline glucose, high fructose corn syrups, maltose syrups, fructose corn syrups, maltose syrups, 2. In detergent industry, they are used as additives to remove starch-based stains. 3. In paper industry, they are used for the reduction of starch viscosity for appropriate coating of paper 4. In textile industry, amylases are used for warp sizing of textile fibres 5. Similarly, enzymes like proteases, lipases or xylanases have wide applications in food sectors.

3. Enzyme classes and types of reactions Enzyme commission number Class of enzyme Reaction profile Oxidation reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Typical enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. For example, alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes reactions of the type R–CH2OH + A R–CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor molecule. If A is oxygen, the relevant enzymes are called oxidases or laccases; if A is hydrogen peroxide, the relevant enzymes are called peroxidases. Oxidoreducta ses EC 1 This class of enzymes catalyzes the transfer of groups of atoms from one molecule to another. Aminotransferases or transaminases promote the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-oxoacid. Transferases EC 2 Hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis, the cleavage of substrates by water. The reactions include Hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis, the cleavage of substrates by water. The reactions include the cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates, and ester bonds in lipids. In general, larger molecules are broken down to smaller fragments by hydrolases. Hydrolases EC 3 Lyases catalyze the addition of groups to double bonds or the formation of double bonds through the removal of groups. Thus bonds are cleaved using a principle different from hydrolysis. Pectate lyases, for example, split the glycosidic linkages by beta-elimination. Lyases EC 4 Isomerases catalyze the transfer of groups from one position to another in the same molecule. In other words, these enzymes change the structure of a substrate by rearranging its atoms. Isomerases EC 5 Ligases join molecules together with covalent bonds. These enzymes participate in biosynthetic reactions where new groups of bonds are formed. Such reactions require the input of energy in the form of cofactors such as ATP. Ligases EC 6

4. Enzymes Lyases Ligases Hydrolases Transferases Oxidoreductases Isomerases Argininosucci nate Fructosyltrans ferases Pectate lyases Amylases Catalases Glucose isomerases Glutathione synthase Alpha- acetolactate decarboxylas es Glucosyltransf erases Glucose oxidases Cellulases Epimerases Lipases Laccases Mutases Mannanases Mannanases Lyases Pectinases Topoisomeras es Phytases Proteases Pullulanases Xylanases

5. Paper and Pulp industry Leather industry Textile industry Polymer industry Enzymes in cosmetics Enzymes in detergents Feed industry Food industry •Baking industry •Dairy industry •Beverages industry Organic synthesis industry The use of enzymes in industrial processes Pharmaceutical and analytical industry Waste treatment

6. Removal of dead skin, and burns- Proteolytic enzymes Pharmaceutical and analytical industry Clot busting-a potent fibrinolytic enzyme-Nattokinase Antitumor--Asparaginase, L- glutaminase Antiinflammatory-Serrapeptase Antibiotic synthesis-Penicillin oxidase, rifamycin B oxidase Deficiency and disorder and disorder Antioxidants-Superoxide dismutases Skin ulcers-Collagenase Antiviral-Ribonuclease Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical and analytical industry Digestive disorders- a-Amylase, lipase Cyanide poisoning-Rhodanase ELISA Diagnostics diabetes testing kits

7. Enzyme Reaction Use Sources L-Asparagine H2O→L- aspartate + NH3 Asparaginase Leukaemia E. coli Collagenase Collagen hydrolysis Skin ulcers C. perfringens L-Glutamine H2O→L- glutamate + NH3 Glutaminase Leukaemia E. coli SFL-1 Bacterial cell wall hydrolysis Lysozyme Antibiotic Homo sapiens Ribonuclease RNA hydrolysis Antiviral Yeast and bacteriophages Streptokinase Plasminogen→plasmin Blood clots Streptococci sp. Homosapiens andother ver tebrates Trypsin Trypsin Protein hydrolysis Protein hydrolysis Inflammation Inflammation Uricase Urate + O2→ allantoin Gout A. flavus Urokinase Plasminogen→plasmin Blood clots Bacillus subtilis Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella pneumonia -Lactamase -Lactam ring hydrolysis Antibiotic resistance Binding the rings of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) Penicillin production/broad spectrum antibiotic production Penicillin acylase Penicillium sp.

8. Acid proteinase Milk coagulation Aspergillus sp. Diary Bacillus subtilis, Faster cheese ripening, debittering Neutral proteinase A. oryzae Aspergillus niger, Faster cheese ripening, flavor customized cheese, Lipase A. oryzae Dairy Dairy Escherichia coli, Lactose reduced milk and whey products Lactase (bgalactosidase) Kluyveromyces sp. Faster cheese ripening Aminopeptidase Lactobacillus sp. catalase Cheese processing Aspergillus niger Protein cross linking Transglutaminase Streptomyces sp.

9. Aspergillus sp. Flour adjustment, bread softness Baking Amylase Bacillus sp. Maltogenic a- Amylase Enhance shelf life of breads Bacillus stearothermophilus Aspergillus niger Xylanase Dough conditioning Dough stability and conditioning conditioning Baking Lipase Aspergillus niger Aspergillus niger Dough Glucose oxidase strengthening Penicillium chrysogenum Streptoverticillium sp. Laminated dough strength Transglutaminase streptomyces sp.

10. Aspergillus oryzae Pectinase Depectinization Penicillium funiculosum Glucose oxidase Oxygen removal from beer Aspergillus niger Beverage Aspergillus niger Cellulase Fruit liquefaction Trichoderma atroviride Bacillus a-Amylase Starch hydrolysis Aspergillus Bacillus b-Amylase Starch hydrolysis Streptomyces Rhizopus Beverage Bacillus subtilis b-Glucanase Restrict haze formation Aspergillus spp. protease Restrict haze formation Aspergillus niger Bacillus sp Pullulanase Starch saccharification , Klebsiella sp. Naringinase Debittering Aspergillus niger Aspergillus niger Limoninase Debittering A. oryzae Lactobacillus brevis, Aminopeptidases Protein breakdown during mashing L. plantarum

11. Animal feed Phytase Xylanase b-glucanase Hydrolyze phytic acid to release phosphorous Enhanced digestibility of digestibility of starch Digestive aid Digestive aid Aspergillus niger Aspergillus niger Aspergillus sp. Bacillus sp.

12. Candida Antarctica Lipase Pitch control Bacillus subtilis Protease Biofilm removal Bacillus licheniformis Deinking, drainage improvement Amylase Thermomyces lanuginosus, Pulp and paper Xylanase Xylanase Bleach boosting Bleach boosting Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma reesei, Aureobasidium pullulans Non-chlorine bleaching, delignification Bacillus subtilis Laccase Deinking, drainage improvement Cellulase Bacillus sp. Aspergillus niger

13. Polycondensation, ring-opening polymerization of lactones, carbonates Candida Antarctica Lipase A Trametes hirsuta Polymerization of bisphenol Laccase Aspergillus niger, Polymerization of anilines Glucose oxidase Penicillium chrysogenum Polymer Polymer Streptomyces mobaraensis Crosslinking of protein Transglutaminase Polymerization of lignin and chitosan Tyrosinase Trichoderma reesei

14. Carbohydrate stain removal Aspergillus sp. Amylase Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus oryzae Fat stain elimination Lipase A. flavus, Aspergillus oryzae Protein stain removal Protease Bacillus subtilis Detergent Aspergillus niger Cellulase Color clarification Bacillus sp. Fusarium solani f. pisi Triglyceride removal Cutinase Mannan spot removal Mannanase Bacillus sp