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Theory of Interest

Theory of Interest. A brief overview of modern interest theories. Knut Wicksell (1851-1926). Born in Stockholm , Sweden, 1851 Son of a successful businessman and real estate broker Orphan at the age of 15 Mathematics and Physics 1887: Economics 1898: Interest and Prices

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Theory of Interest

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  1. Theory of Interest A brief overview of modern interest theories

  2. Knut Wicksell (1851-1926)

  3. Born in Stockholm, Sweden, 1851 • Son of a successful businessman and real estate broker • Orphan at the age of 15 • Mathematics and Physics • 1887: Economics • 1898:Interest and Prices • 1916: Swedish government advisor on financial and banking issues • main intellectual rival was the American economist Irving Fisher

  4. Interest and Prices natural rate of interest vs. money rate of interest real profit (r) MPK money market (i)

  5. Cumulative Process model MPK > i I > S  M rises Demand > Supply  prices rise The demand for loans will continue accumulating, and the banking system's deposit creation continues indefinitely - with savings never really catching up. Money supply will expand endogenously without limit and prices will also rise without end.

  6. What can end this process? Reserve Requirement Constraint

  7. Irving Fisher (1867-1947)

  8. Born in New York, 1867 • Yale University • 1888: B.A. • 1891: Ph.D. • Mathematics & Economics • 1930: The Theory of Interest

  9. The Theory of Interest:As determined by the impatience to spend income and opportunity to invest it. • Income • Capital • Interest

  10. Income • 3 stages: • Psychic income or enjoyment income • Real income • Money income or cost of living

  11. real income The Thames below Westminsterabout 1871Oil on canvas 47 x 72.5 cm.

  12. Money Income

  13. Capital any asset that produces a flow of income over time • “The value of any property, or rights to wealth, is its value as a source of income and is found by discounting that expected income” (Fisher, 1930, p.14). • the value of capital is the present value of the flow of (net) income that the asset generates Capital goods Income Income value Capital value

  14. Rate of Interest • capital value X rate of interest = interest • the time preference people have for consuming today versus consumption at a later time, and • the expectation that income saved and invested today will yield greater income tomorrow – capital produced today will generate greater future production than was required to construct the capital IMPATIENCE OPPORTUNITY

  15. Difference between Classical economists and Irving Fisher • According classical economists there are four sources of income: • Rent • Wages • Profits • Interest • Fisher treated interest not as a separate entity of income, but as sub-entity within each of the 3 sources of income

  16. Other non-economic factors that influence rate of interest: • Foresight - intelligence • Self-control – willingness • Habit • Life Expectancy • The love of one's children • Fashion

  17. Fisher, Irving. The Nature of Capital and Income. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1906.Octavo, 1st edition in original green cloth. $1600.Source: http://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/fisher.htm

  18. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

  19. Born in Cambridge, 1883 • King's College, Cambridge • Mathematics in 1905 • Alfred Marshall and Arthur Pigou • 1936: General Theory • 1942: was made a lord • 1944: Bretton Woods Conference • April 21, 1946 passed away

  20. Financial wealth Illiquid assets Liquid assets i General Theory “Liquidity-preference” Wealth is allocated between liquid and illiquid assets

  21. “Thus the rate of interest at any time, being the reward for parting with liquidity, is a measure of the unwillingness of those who possess money to part with their liquid control over it. The rate of interest is not the “price” which brings into equilibrium the demand for resources to invest with the readiness to abstain from present consumption. It is the “price” which equilibrates the desire to hold wealth in the form of cash with the available quantity of cash; — which implies that if the rate of interest were lower, i.e. if the reward for parting with cash were diminished, the aggregate amount of cash which the public would wish to hold would exceed the available supply, and that if the rate of interest were raised, there would be a surplus of cash which no one would be willing to hold.” (Keynes, 1936).

  22. Money Demand Theory People hold money for three reasons: • Transaction Motive • Precaution Motive • Speculation Motive Uncertainty Expectation

  23. On expectation • If E(Δi) > 0  Md > 0 • If E(Δi) < 0  Md < 0 Md (E(Δi))

  24. Interest Rate is a function of money demand and money supply; it is a monetary factor i* = i (Md, Ms)

  25. Sir John Hicks (1904 - 1989)

  26. Sir John Hicks • Born in 1904 at Warwick, England • Mathematics • Clifton College (1917-22) • Balliol College, Oxford (1922-26) • 1937: IS-LM model

  27. IS-LM model • Based on John M. Keynes’s General Theory • All equilibria in both commodity and money markets

  28. IS curve: Y = f(i)  equality of S and I • LM curve: i = f(Y)  equality of Ms and Md

  29. In 1982 Hicks rejected this model because although it is a very useful apparatus to understanding Keynes’ General Theory but it lacks one very essential thing that Keynes already knew: Uncertainty

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