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Grade 9 Tech. Module

Grade 9 Tech. Module. Unit 2-Basic skills. Introduction. Topic 1: Energy Conversion Topic 2: Measuring Energy Topic 3: Schematics and Pictorials Topic 4: Fabrication. Topic 1 Energy Conversion and Transmission. Measuring Mass.

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Grade 9 Tech. Module

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  1. Grade 9 Tech. Module Unit 2-Basic skills

  2. Introduction • Topic 1: Energy Conversion • Topic 2: Measuring Energy • Topic 3: Schematics and Pictorials • Topic 4: Fabrication

  3. Topic 1 Energy Conversion and Transmission

  4. Measuring Mass Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and is measured in kilograms (Kg). The mass of an object can be determined using an equal arm balance. Activity - Measure the mass of the provided objects. Record the results in a table

  5. Measuring Force Force is the measurement of influences that change the direction of an object. Force can be measured using a spring scale calibrated in Newtons.

  6. Measuring Force • Activity • Measure the weight of an object using a spring scale. • Measure the force required to pull the object across a surface. • Record the results in your table • - Describe how the mass of an object and the force required to lift the object or drag it across a surface are related.

  7. Measuring Mass • Activity • Measure the mass of the provided objects. • Record the results in a table

  8. Calculating Work Work occurs when energy gets transferred from one object to another object. The mathematical relationship is: W=F×d A few points: • The mass has to move for work to be done on the object. • The mass has to move in the direction of the applied force. • Weight is equivalent to force of gravity. • The spring scale should be parallel to the surface when pulling the object across the table.

  9. Calculating Work W=F×d(measured in N.m or Joules) Activity Part A Determine the work done in pulling an object across a horizontal surface. - Measure the force to pull the object (F) - Measure the distance you pulled the object.

  10. Calculating Work W=F×d(measured in N.m or Joules) Part B Calculate the work done when the mass is lifted through a distance - Measure the force to lift the object (F) - Measure the distance you lifted the object.

  11. Example 1: How much work is done by a person who uses a force of 30 N to move a grocery buggy 5 m? Given: F = 30 N d = 5 m W = ? Solution: Use W = F x d W = F x d = 30 N x 5 m AnswerW =  150 J

  12. Example 2: • 55, 000J of work is done to move a rock 25m. How much force was applied? • Given • W=55,000 J • d=25m • F=? • In this problem, we are looking for force, so the equation must be rearranged. • EquationF =  W  =  55,000J  =  ? •         d           25m • AnswerF = 2200J • Handout: Practice exercise - work

  13. Topic 2 Measuring Energy and Energy Transmission

  14. Measuring Electricity Voltage (V) is the difference in electric potential or the total charge between the two terminals. Current (I) is the rate at which the electric charges move through the conductor.

  15. Measuring Electricity Power(P)is the rate at which work gets done.  In the case of electricity, we say that electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. Electrical Energy (E) is the scientific form of electricity, and refers to the flow of power or the flow of charges along a conductor to create energy.

  16. Calculating Electrical Power Electrical power (P) is defined as: Electrical Power = Voltage x Current or, substituting the symbols P = VxI (watts) Activity Use a multimeter to measure the current and the voltage being used by a small bulb . Calculate the power of the bulb.

  17. Calculating Energy The mathematical relationship is: Energy = (current × voltage) × time Energy = VItor E = Pt (Joules) Activity Use a multimeter to measure the current and the voltage being used by a small bulb over a given time. Calculate the energy used by the bulb.

  18. Measuring Electricity: Exercise Example 1: You have an electric heater in your room.  If it operates at 220 volts and consumes 10 amps of electricity, what is its power rating?  Given: V = 220V I = 10A P = ? Solution: Use the formula, P = IV P = VI P = 220V x 10A P = 2200W (W is the same as watts) 

  19. Example 2: How much electrical energy (E) is consumed by a 2200 W electric heater if it is turned on for 12 hours? Cost = kilowatt x hours x cost/kwh Given: P = 2200 W = 2.200 kilowatts = 2.20 kw T = 10 hrs Cost/ kwh = $0.10 Cost = 2.20 kw x 10 h x $0.10/kwh = $ 2.20 E = P x t E= 2200 W x 43200 sec = 95,040,000 W-s or 95,040,000 Joules How much money do you think it might cost?

  20. Calculating Energy Cost If you check your "power" bill you will find that the unit used to measure the amount of electricity used is the kilowatt-hour and not joules. To determine energy cost you must change Joules to Kw-hr 1 Kw-Hr = 3,600,000 Joules

  21. Calculating Energy Cost In our heater example we use 95,040,000 Joules of energy. 95,040,000 ÷ 3,600,000 = 26.4 kw-hr Currently, depending on where you live, a kilowatt-hour costs about $0.09 (9 cents). So our heated used $0.09 x 26.4 = $2.40 Not much… But in a year it adds up.

  22. Measuring Electricity at home All appliances, when new, must have a sticker attached that indicates some of the electrical properties of the unit. Look at the sample appliance sticker below. Circled in red is important electrical information. We can use this information to calculate the energy cost as we did in the last example!

  23. Measuring Power (Part 2) Power is the measurement of how fast work is done. We can also write power as: Power = work divided by time (work in joules, time in seconds, power in watts). P=W ÷ t

  24. Measuring Power (Part 2) Example A crane lifts a 200N crate out of a 6 meter deep hole . If it takes 5 second to complete the task, how powerful is the cranes engine? Given: F=200N d=6m t=5s Solution W=fxd P=W ÷ t W=(200)x(6) = 1200 J P=(1200) ÷ (5) P=240 Watts Worksheet: Power and energy

  25. Energy and Efficiency Systems that use energy to do work are not 100% efficient. Some of the work input is turned into undesired forms of energy such as heat and sound instead of useful work.

  26. Energy and Efficiency Only about 15% of the energy from the fuel you put in your tank gets used to move your car down . The rest of the energy is lost to engine and driveline inefficiencies.

  27. Energy and Efficiency At the power plant, some 60 percent of the energy is lost as waste heat. Another 10 percent is lost in electricity lines and transformers before the electricity even reaches your home.

  28. Energy and Efficiency The efficiency of a system is mathematically determined by the ratio of work output to work input expressed as a percent Efficiency = (work output ÷ work input) × 100%

  29. Energy and Efficiency Example A winch use 120J of work to lift a 10N weight 8m high. How efficient is it? Given: Work (in) = 120 J Work (out) = ? Efficiency=? Solution: Work (out) = Fxd = 10x8 = 80J Efficiency = (work output ÷ work input) × 100% = (120 ÷80) x 100% = 67% The winch is 67% efficient.

  30. Grade 9 Tech. Module Topic 3 Schematics

  31. Schematics A schematic is a diagram that represents parts of a system using, symbols rather than realistic pictures. You should know some of the common Electrical symbols cell battery lamp

  32. Schematics LED resistor (load) switch

  33. Schematics ammeter voltmeter variable resistor

  34. Schematics

  35. Schematics Can you draw the schematic?

  36. Pictorial Drawings Pictorial drawings are three dimensional drawings that look similar to a picture. There are two basic types. They are: - Oblique - Isometric

  37. Isometric The isometric drawing is most commonly used when constructing a set of drawings. Notice, front and side are at 30 degrees to the vertical.

  38. Isometric The faces of isometric are labeled by their location.

  39. Orthographics Often the faces are drawn separately when developing a drawing… this is called an Orthographic. An Orthographic projection is a series of drawings that show various views of the object.

  40. Sample Orthographic Drawing

  41. Orthographic drawing of a book

  42. Activity • Part 1 - Software- Isometric Drawing Tool • http://illuminations.nctm.org/ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=125 • Handout: Illuminations Isometric Views • Part 2 - Building with blocks. • Examine objects. • Sketch the Orthographic for each. • Examine an orthographic • construct the object using the blocks

  43. Production Methods A number of methods are use to produce products. These may include: 1. Separating 2. Combining 3. Forming 4. Conditioning 5. Finishing

  44. Examples 1. Separating • use of a knife, chisel, plane, or saw to cut (separate) materials

  45. 2. Combining • use of a nail, screw, staple, or glue to combine materials.

  46. 3. Forming • Use of heat and steam to form or shape materials

  47. 4. Conditioning • Use of chemicals to condition or protect materials

  48. 5. Finishing • Use of sandpaper, buffing compound, or paint to smooth and/or ‘beautify’ a project

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