1 / 10

Youth, Crime and Media MEP208

Youth, Crime and Media MEP208. 9. Football hooliganism. Hooliganism timeline. 1898: the term ‘hooligan’ first in common usage, assoc. with Irish w-class living in Britain (Pearson 1983)

stesha
Download Presentation

Youth, Crime and Media MEP208

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Youth, Crime and MediaMEP208 9. Football hooliganism

  2. Hooliganism timeline • 1898: the term ‘hooligan’ first in common usage, assoc. with Irish w-class living in Britain (Pearson 1983) • 1966: the label ‘hooligan’ first attached to violence at football grounds, assoc. with skinhead groups (Osgerby 1998) • 1970s/early 1980s: escalating violence • 1985: various incidents, notably Heysel • 1989: Hillsborough disaster

  3. Causes of hooliganism? • Mindless aggression by non-football fans? – NO • Reactions to the behaviour / performance of players? – UNLIKELY • Economic deprivation – POSSIBLY • Alcohol and other drugs – POSSIBLY • Incitement to national, racial or religious hatred – POSSIBLY

  4. Key policy initiatives in response to football hooliganism (1) • Lang Report (1969) – barriers erected at grounds to enable ‘the segregation of young people from other spectators’ • Football Spectators Act (1989) – proposed ID cards and imposed restrictions on travelling abroad • Taylor Report (1990) – barriers removed, requirements for all-seater stadia, alcohol prohibited, player misbehaviour and sensational media coverage criticised

  5. Key policy initiatives in response to football hooliganism (2) • Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (1994) – no unauthorised ticket sales, no chanting or gesturing deemed ‘threatening, abusive or insulting’ • Football Disorder Act (2000) – abolishes the distinction between domestic and international banning orders, widens the definition of ‘football-related offences’ to include journeys to and from the match (and 24 hours either side of kick-off time)

  6. Changing structure of football as a game / industry (Ian Taylor 1971) • During 20thC shift from amateur / local to professional / international contexts • Pre-1940s: football clubs provide for a ‘participatory democracy’ • Post-1940s: supporters increasingly excluded from club decision-making • A ‘soccer subculture’ forms – hooligans are labelled / criminalised by police, etc.

  7. Disorder and moral panics (Muncie 2004: 121) Identification of a subversive minority... Simplification of the cause... Stigmatisation of those involved... Stirring of public indignation... Stamping down hard!!!

  8. The social order of fan activity (Marsh et al. 1997) • ‘Rules of disorder’ - hooligan groups are hierarchical, tightly organised, self-policed • Careers are laid out: • NOVICES – c.10-12 years • ROWDIES – 12-17 years • TOWN BOYS – 17-c.25 years • Roles assigned to ROWDIES: chant leader, aggro leader, nutter, hooligan, organiser, fighter, heavy drinker

  9. Violent w-class masculine style (Williams et al 1989) • Most violent hooligan offenders are men from rough lower working class • Emphasis on respectable appearance to conceal ‘unrespectable’ behaviour • Macho reputations rest on varying degrees of hostility to outsiders • Socialisation of others inc. own children and disaffected youth from respectable w-class or m-class backgrounds

  10. Unorganised hooliganism (Garland and Rowe 2000) • Policing of organised ‘firms’ has benefited from improved intelligence • But spontaneous trouble (often far outside stadia) more difficult to monitor • CCTV is “too slow and cumbersome at reacting to flashpoints of disorder, and consequently missed these types of incident” (p.155)

More Related