Israel and Lebanon

1. Israel and Lebanon • March 1978 the PLO launched an attack against Israel from Lebanon and Israel responded with and invasion • 3 years after the invasion Israel set up a 9 mile “safety zone” between the two nations. • In June 1982 Israel attacks again in response to continuing attacks by PLO forces and occupy all the way up to Beirut. They scaled back shortly after but kept from troops in Southern Lebanon.

3. 1st Intifada • In 1987 Palestinians living under Israeli rule rebelled in places like Gaza, West Bank, and East Jerusalem • Violent and Non-Violent resistance was common. • 1,100 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces • 164 Israelis were killed by Palestinians. • In addition, an estimated 1,000 Palestinians were killed by other Palestinians because they were seen as collaborators with Israel

5. 1991 Gulf War • Israel did not participate in the war, but Palestine sided with Iraq as Hussein launched attacks into Israel. • Two Israeli civilians died from these attacks, and approximately 230 were injured. • US convinced Israel not to retaliate against these attacks

7. Oslo Accords • 1993 agreement between Israel and PLO • Yasser Arafat: PLO • Yitzhak Rabin: Israel PM • The Palestinian Authority would administer the territory under its control. • Israel would withdraw from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank • A five-year interim period was established in which negotiations for a permanent agreement would begin • Interim Palestinian self-government was to be granted by Israel in phases • Israeli government recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people • PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist • PLO renounced terrorism as well as other violence, and its desire for the destruction of the Israeli state

9. Peace with Jordan • Israel–Jordan peace treaty normalized relations between the two countries and resolved territorial disputes in 1994

10. Failure of Oslo • Accords popularity were damaged by: • Continuation of Israeli settlements • Continuation of Israeli checkpoints • Deterioration of economic conditions in the Palestinian areas • Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by multiple suicide attacks • 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords

11. New Millennium • Ehud Barak: Prime Minister of Israel authorized the withdrawal of troops from Southern Lebanon in 2000 • Camp David Summit was held with Arafat and Barak • Palestine wanted full Palestinian sovereignty over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Cited SC Resolution 242 after 1967 War http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7D35E1F729DF491C85256EE700686136 • Israel was concerned that a complete return to the 1967 borders was dangerous to Israel's security. • Heavy disputes over Holy Sites in Jerusalem • The Summit broke down and no agreement was formed

13. Second Intifada • Allegedly, Palestinian rioting erupted following Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount • A Muslim mosque is constructed at the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem a location considered the holiest site in Judaism and third holiest in Islam • Palestinian tactics ranged from mass protests to armed attacks on Israeli soldiers, security forces, police, settlers, and civilians, suicide bombing attacks, and launching rockets into Israel • Israel see it as terrorism. Palestine sees it as struggle for liberation • Thousands died in the intifada which culminated in 2004 with the death of Arafat.

15. After Arafat • Israel removed all Israeli troops from Gaza in 2005 • Hamas would win elections in 2006 for the PNA • After many clashes with Fatah (more moderate) Hamas was removed from the PNA but retained control over Gaza

16. 2nd Lebanon War • 34 day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel between Israeli forces and Hezbullah • Hezbollah fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for missile attacks on two armored trucks patrolling the Israeli side of the border. • At least 3 soldiers were killed and some were believed to have been captured by Hezbullah • Israel responded with airstrikes and on targets in Lebanon that damaged Lebanese civilian infrastructure • Israel imposed an air and naval blockade • Israel also launched a ground invasion of southern Lebanon. • Hezbollah responded by launching more rockets into northern Israel

18. 2nd Lebanon War Continued • The conflict killed at least 1,300 people, mostly Lebanese citizens • Severely damaged Lebanese civil infrastructure • Displaced approximately one million Lebanese • 300,000–500,000 Israelis were also displaced. • In August 2006, the UNSC unanimously approved UN Resolution 1701 to end the hostilities. • It was approved by both Lebanese and Israeli governments • It called for disarmament of Hezbollah and for withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon

20. Gaza War • A three-week armed conflict that took place in the Gaza Strip and Southern Israel during 2008–2009. • Israel launched a military offensive with a surprise opening air strike against the Gaza Strip • Israel's stated aim was to stop rocket fire which was being launched from Hamas controlled locations in Gaza • The conflict resulted in 1,100 and1,400 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths. Many civilians • In September 2009, a UN special mission produced a controversial report accusing both Palestinian militants and Israelis of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity and recommended bringing those responsible to justice.

27. Obama • On May 19, 2011, President Obama declared that the borders demarcated before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war should be the basis of a Mideast peace deal between Israel and Palestine. • He also said that the borders should be adjusted to account for Israeli settlements in the West Bank. • The Israeli government protested immediately, saying that a return to the pre-1967 borders would leave Israel "indefensible,“

30. Palestine in UN • Israel vehemently opposed the effort begun in September 2011 by Mahmoud Abbas for full recognition by the United Nations SC. • After failing to get full status recognition the Palestinians pursued “non-member” state status • On Thursday, 29 November 2012, In a 138-9 vote (with 41 abstaining) General Assembly resolution 67/19 adopted, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations.[ • The vote was a historic benchmark for the sovereign State of Palestine and its citizens, whilst it was a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States. Status as an observer state in the UN will allow the State of Palestine to join treaties and specialized UN agencies • It shall permit Palestine to claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognized by the UN. • It shall also provide the citizens of Palestine with the right to sue for control of the territory that is rightfully theirs in the International Court of Justice and with the legal right to bring war-crimes charges, mainly those relating to Israel's illegal occupation of the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court. • As of 27 September 2013, 134 (69.4%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognized the State of Palestine as sovereign over both West Bank and the Gaza Strip. • In November, to protest the Palestinians’ membership efforts at the United Nations and pursuit of power-sharing with Hamas, Israel carried out a threat to suspend the transfer of about $100 million in tax payments to the Palestinian Authority. • On Nov. 30, under strong American and international pressure, Israel agreed to transfer the money. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkEz6WbYpB8

31. Syria • The downfall of President Bashar al-Assad would deal a major blow to Iran and so would be welcome. • But without a central authority, Syria could descend into being a land of chaos and terrorist bases on Israel’s northeast border. • Israeli officials and intelligence analysts say they also worry about an increased presence by Al Qaeda and ISIS in Syria and the possibility that Syria’s large storehouse of arms could end up in the hands of Hezbollah and other anti-Israel groups.

32. Unilateral Action? • In May 2012, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak said that Israel should consider imposing the borders of a future Palestinian state, bypassing a stagnant peace process. • Mr. Barak called for “an interim agreement, maybe even unilateral action.” Referring to fears that Jews will become a minority in their own state, he added, “Inaction is not a possibility.” • Calls for direct action are based on the arguments that negotiations are no longer feasible because of enduring political divisions on both sides • The Palestinian Authority has opposed any effort by Israel to decree the contours of its territory. • The Obama administration has strongly opposed unilateral action by either side, and some senior Israeli officials have worried that such a move by Israel could provoke an uprising by Palestinians.

33. West Bank land • In late June 2012, Jewish families moved quietly — but not willingly — from their homes in Ulpana, which were declared illegal because they sit on private Palestinian land.  • Israel’s Supreme Court had ruled that five of Ulpana’s 14 multifamily buildings had to be removed by July 1 • Many experts and advocates said the handling of Ulpana — and two other settlements on private land, simply proved Netanyahu’s commitment to the settlement enterprise and made any future two-state solution less likely. • Most of the international community considers all Jewish settlements in the West Bank territory that Israel captured in the 1967 war to be illegal • Israel distinguishes between those built with permits on state land and those constructed on private plots or without government authorization. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j087SQ8Yhdk Netanyahu on settlements. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlgBFewCwAU Palestine on settlements

35. Gaza Again • On Nov. 14, 2012, Israel launched one of its biggest attacks on Gaza since the invasion four years ago and hit at least 20 targets. • One of those targets was Hamas military commander, Ahmed al-Jabari. Al-Jabari was the most senior official killed by the Israelis since its invasion in 2008. • The airstrikes were in response to recent repeated rocket attacks by Palestinian militants located in Gaza.

36. Moving Forward • By Nov. 16, 2012, according to officials in Gaza, 19 people had been killed from the Israeli airstrikes. Heavy rocket fire continued from Gaza while the Israeli military called in 16,000 army reservists. • Throughout mid-Nov. 2012, Israel continued to target members of Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza while Hamas launched several hundred rockets, some hitting Tel Aviv. • Both sides agreed to end hostilities toward each other and Israel said it would open Gaza border crossings, allowing the flow of products and people into Gaza, potentially lifting the 5-year blockade that has caused much hardship to those living in the region.

37. Reelection • Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was elected to a third term in January 2013, but the election was not the expected landslide.

38. Peace Talks • On Aug. 14, 2013, Israelis and Palestinians began peace talks in Jerusalem, the third attempt to negotiate since 2000. The talks began just hours after Israel released 26 Palestinian prisoners. • Palestinian officials expressed concern about Israel's ongoing settlement building in the West Bank and east Jerusalem, land that would be part of an official Palestinian state. • Israel freed another 26 Palestinian prisoners as part of the current U.S.-brokered peace talks in October. • Soon after the prisoners were released, the Israeli government reported it planned to build 1,500 new homes in east Jerusalem, an area claimed by the Palestinians. • The settlement announcement was seen as a concession to the right after the prisoner release. • When Israel failed to release the promised last batch of prisoners in late March 2014, U.S. Secretary John Kerry headed there in an attempt to rescue the peace talks. Israel had promised to release Palestinian prisoners in four groups and released the first three groups. • But Israel's failure to release the last group of 26 prisoners as well as their continued settlement expansion in the West Bank threatened to derail a peace agreement that was supposed to be reached by the end of April 2014. • Palestine said that the peace talks would end on April 29 if Israel did not release the 26 prisoners.

39. Hamas and Fatah at Peace • In April 2014, the troubled peace talks hit another snag when Palestinian leadership and Hamas forged a new reconciliation agreement. • The new unity deal angered the Israeli government. Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reacted by saying that Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas was choosing "Hamas, not peace." • On April 24, 2014, the day after the Palestinian leadership announced its new unity deal with Hamas, Israel responded by halting the peace talks. The deadline for this latest round of peace talks passed without an agreement a week later.

40. Tensions beginning • Later in June, three Israeli teenagers were kidnapped and killed while hiking in the occupied West Bank. Their bodies were recovered days later and a burial was held in early July. • The day after their burial, the burned body of a missing Palestinian teenager was found in a forest near Jerusalem. • The incidents increased tension between Israelis and Palestinians, including riots in East Jerusalem and an exchange of rocket fire in Southern Israel and Gaza, where Israel targeted Hamas. • Within a week, several Israeli Jewish suspects were arrested in connection with the killing of the Palestinian teen.

41. War with Gaza • The situation continued to escalate throughout July. Hundreds of rockets were launched into Israel by militant groups in Gaza. The rockets reached areas in Israel that previous rocket attacks could not, such as outskirts of Jerusalem. • In response, Israel launched an aerial offensive in Gaza, killing dozens of Palestinians, and called up thousands of reservists for a potential ground operation. • On July 17, Israel launched a ground offensive into Gaza. • Israeli officials said that the mission's main focus was tunnels near Gaza's borders that were being used by Hamas to enter Israel. • As the violence continued and the casualties mounted on both sides, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry pressed Egyptian, Israeli, and Palestinian leaders to negotiate a cease-fire. • In the midst of his urgent diplomatic outreach, 16 Palestinians were killed and more than 100 wounded in an attack on a UN elementary school in Gaza on July 24. • Israel denied launching the attack, saying Hamas militants were responsible, missing their target. Demonstrations followed the attack, and Palestinians in the West Bank protested to show unity with Gazans. At least five protesters were killed by Israeli fire. • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11000191/Gaza-conflict-Israel-announces-ceasefire-after-shelling-UN-school-in-pictures.html?frame=2991019

42. End of Another war • After fighting for seven weeks and attempting several short-term cease-fires, Israel and Hamas agreed to an open-ended cease-fire on Aug. 26. • The agreement was mediated by Egypt. The interim agreement still had Hamas in control of Gaza while Israel and Egypt still controlled access to Gaza, leaving no clear winner in this latest conflict. • However, Hamas declared victory. Meanwhile, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was criticized in Israel for how costly the conflict has been. Since the conflict began in early July, 2,143 Palestinians were killed, mostly civilians, with more than 11,000 wounded and 100,000 left homeless. On Israel's side, 64 soldiers and six civilians were killed.

43. Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2fzgYrkQlg • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=573rxA6EVnw (Abbas) • http://www.c-span.org/video/?321761-2/israeli-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahu-addresses-un-general-assembly • (Netanyahu 2014) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh2KnEldmDY (Netanyahu with Andrea Mitchell

44. Editorials • http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/16/opinion/how-palestinian-hate-prevents-peace.html?_r=0&adxnnl=1&ref=israel&adxnnlx=1382063251-92h28b/3/HwWwBsocdML0A Pro-Israel op-ed • http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/two-state-illusion.html?ref=israel 2 state solution op-ed • http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/opinion/global/one-state-dream-one-state-nightmare.html?ref=israel Op-ed 1 state • http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/opinion/rosner-israel-and-a-hostile-world.html?_r=0 (Op-Ed Israel Dangerous) • http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/opinion/palestines-nuclear-option.html (Palestine should back up threats)