Head Face & Brain Injuries

1. Head Face & Brain Injuries

2. Head Injures • Head injury-damage to the scalp, skull or brain due to a blow • Two parts of the head • Face- eyes, ears, nose and jaw • Cranium- brain and spinal cord

3. Face Bones • There are 9 facial bones

4. Cranial bones • There are 6 bones that make up the cranium

5. The eye • Sclera-white of eye • Cornea-circular clear area over sclera • Pupil-opening in iris that permits passage of light • Lens-crystalline structure behind iris and pupil

6. Eye injuries • Corneal abrasion- a scratch or small cut of the cornea of the eye • Treatment • Wash eye with eye wash • Close eye and let natural lubricants wash it • Cover and send to Dr.

7. Eye injuries • Contusion to the orbit • Black eye is a minor injury • Swelling and bruising may occur

8. Eye injuries • Orbital blow out Fracture- fracture to the bones of the eye socket. • Blow is due to something larger than the eye socket. • Swelling, tenderness and double vision (diplopia) may occur. • Pain with eye movement may occur.

9. Eye Injuries • Conjunctivitis- also known as pink eye • Inflammation of the conjunctiva which is outer later of eye over sclera. • Three types viral allergic and bacterial • Itchy eyes that feel like sand is in them and redness. Discharge occurs after 2-3 days • Medical treatment is necessary

10. The Ear • Ear is the organ of hearing and balance • Three parts to the ear outer, middle and inner.

11. Middle ear • Ossicles are the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. • Malleus-hammer • Incus- anvil • Stapes- stirrup

12. Ear injuries • Cauliflower ear- Blood clot collects between the outer cartilage and the skin. • Typical in wrestlers and boxers who get repeated trauma to ear. • Treat with drainage and compression of cartilage skin.

13. Ear injuries • Swimmer’s ear-infection of skin covering the outer ear canal, bacterial infection. • Signs of infection may include itchy ear, swelling in canal and face as well as pain with movement. • Ear plugs while swimming should solve the problem.

14. Ear Injuries • Eardrum Rupture- Tympanic membrane rupture caused by a blow to the head or build up of fluid in middle ear. • Pain and drainage occur • Antibiotics for infection, otherwise the eardrum heals on its own in 1-2 weeks

15. The nose • The nose is composed of bone, cartilage and skin • Smell accounts for 90% of what we taste

16. Nose Injuries • Epistaxis- nose bleed • Anterior nose bleed is due to dryness or trauma • Treatment • Squeeze nose at soft point while leaning forward • Ice if bleeding is slow to stop

17. Nose Injuries • Nasal Fracture- nasal bone fracture can result in deformity, swelling or laceration. • Ice and referral to physician are needed.

18. Mouth and Jaw • Mouth is composed of tongue, teeth, lips and cheeks • Jaw is composed of maxilla, mandible and temporalmandibular joint (TMJ).

19. Jaw Fracture • Mandible fracture is usually due to trauma of some kind. • 50% of the time there is fx at site of blow as well as near one of the condyles. • Sx include deformity pain and numbness • Treatment may include a wired jaw

20. Temporomandibular Joint Injury • TMJ is the joint that allows the mouth to open and close. • Injury can be due to direct trauma, muscle or postural imbalance.

21. Temporomandibular Joint Injury • The TMJ can be dislocated or sprained. This will result in tenderness, swelling, popping and pain with use. • TMJ disfunction is another problem that may occur. This pain may be in the TMJ and also other regions of the head. • TMJ disfunction can result from microtauma like grinding or macrotrauma like whiplash.

22. Teeth • 5 million teeth are knock out in sports activities each year. Mouth guards prevent thousands more from happening. • Athletes will have loose, chipped or knockout teeth.

23. Teeth • Treatment for knock out tooth • If the tooth is still in at all have the athlete push into socket as much as possible and go to dentist. • If tooth is out place tooth in save-a-tooth solution, whole milk or a moist sterile gauze and go to dentist.

24. The Head • Frontal Bone • Very strong • Makes the forehead

25. The Head • Temporal Bone

26. The head • Parietal Bone-largest bone of the cranium • Sutures- immovable joints between each of the cranial bones

27. The head • Occipital Bone • Most posterior • Spinal cord passes through it at the foramen magnum

28. The Brain • Brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem

29. Parts of the Brain • Brainstem- lowest part of the brain, junction box between the upper brain and spinal cord.

30. Parts of the Brain • Cerebellum-the part of the brain that controls muscular action and complex actions. • Latin for little brain

31. Parts of the Brain • Cerebrum- the seat of higher thinking. • Divided into 2 hemispheres • 4 lobes

32. Scalp injuries • The scalp is highly vascularized, and bleeds profusely. • Bleeding between scalp and underlying tissue will result in a hematoma.

33. Hemorrhage • Subdural hematoma-bleeding between the brain and dura mater. It may be slow venous bleeding or rapid arterial.

34. Hemorrhage • Epidural hematoma- bleeding between the skull and dura mater. Quick within minutes to hours.

35. Hemorrhage • Intracranial hematoma- pooling of blood due to damage of blood vessels within the brain.