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Introduction to research

Introduction to research. Prepared by: Professor Devina E Rodrigues Yenepoya nursing college. Unit 1 Research and research process. Content: Definition – research/nursing research/ scientific method Need for nursing research Characteristics of a good research

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Introduction to research

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  1. Introduction to research Prepared by: Professor Devina E Rodrigues Yenepoya nursing college

  2. Unit 1Research and research process • Content: • Definition – research/nursing research/ scientific method • Need for nursing research • Characteristics of a good research • Steps of scientific research/ research process • Purposes of scientific research • Limitations of scientific research

  3. Research word meaning • The word research: re/search • Re = once again • Search = to look for something • Therefore research means: careful examination of facts and discovering a new knowledge.

  4. Research - definition • Defined as a systematic and scientific process to answer to questions about facts and relationship between facts.

  5. Research - definition • Research is a scientific, systematic, controlled, orderly and objective investigation to develop, refine and expand body of knowledge.

  6. Nursing research • Is defined as application of scientific enquiry to the phenomena of concern to nursing. • E.g. A study to assess the factors contributing to speedy patient recovery.

  7. Need and purposes – nursing research • 1. To refine, develop and extend scientific base of knowledge, which is required for quality nursing care. • Contd…..

  8. Need…. • 2. provide foundation for evidence – based practice. • 3. Enhance Professional identity. • 4. eliminate old knowledge with new • 5. enhance accuracy in nursing procedures . • 6. solve nursing care and nursing administrative problems.

  9. Need…. • 7. develop and refine nursing models and theories. • 8. identify best possible and accurate nursing care practices for the welfare of patient. • To define professional boundaries for the nursing profession

  10. Characteristic of good research • 1. Orderly and systematic process: It is considered good if it is done in systematic way. • E.g. tool on preparing not directly utilized for the data collection instead it is subjected to validity, pretesting and reliability. • Contd

  11. Characteristics…. 2. Based on current professional issues: so that particular profession will be up to date with solutions. E.g. A study on nurses skill in calculating drug dosage using computer applications. Nurse educators knowledge in calculating student internal assessment using excel sheet. Contd…

  12. Characteristics…. • 3. Begin with clearly defined Purpose: • Absence of clarity about objectives, research may not yield very good results. Contd…

  13. Characteristics…. • 4. directed towards development and testing of theories: • Only a good research may lead in the development of theory.

  14. Characteristics…. • 5. finding solution to the problem: • Finding answer to the professional problem is one more important aspect of the research.

  15. Characteristics…. • Dedicated to develop empirical evidence: Good research always strives to develop empirical evidence.

  16. Characteristics…. • Strive to collect first-hand information/data: • Information directly collected from the subjects.

  17. Characteristics…. • Generate findings to improve professional practice: • It must help to improve the practice.

  18. Characteristics…. • Use an appropriate methodology: • That suits the study variable • E.g. lived experiences of women with IHD – the suitable study design is qualitative – phenomenological.

  19. Characteristics…. • Conducted on appropriate representative sample: • The characteristic of the study sample should be same of that of population.

  20. Characteristics…. • Conducted through appropriate use of tools: tested tools for validity, reliability & pretesting.

  21. Characteristics…. • Careful recorded and reported: • Research information are carefully recorded, no missing data.

  22. Characteristics…. • Patiently carried out activity: • It needs lots of time and patience. cannot be done hurriedly.

  23. Characteristics…. • Adequately communicated: • E.g. Communicate findings through journals.

  24. Characteristics…. • Researchers' expertisation, courage and motivation: • Required to bring out the good research.

  25. Scientific method • Definition: • Defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality and that are aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena.

  26. Characteristics of scientific methods • Orderly and systematic process • Attempts to control external factors that are not under the direct investigation • Their findings are based on empirical evidences • Findings can be generalized, that means can be used in situations other than the one under study.

  27. Scientific methods are based on hypothesis and assumptions • They are basically conducted to develop and test theories

  28. Purposes of scientific methods • Description • Exploration • Explanation • Prediction • Control • Prescription • Identification of facts and relationships

  29. Steps of scientific methods • 1.Selecting the topic and identifying the research problem • 2. defining the objectives • 3. review of literature from related studies • 4 defining the variables to be studied • 5. stating hypothesis about expected phenomena to be studied

  30. 6. identifying assumptions and implications • 7.Determining ethical implication of the proposed study • 8.Describing research design and methods for data collection • 9.Defining study population and sample • 10.Planning data analysis

  31. 11. collecting data from the subjects • 12. analyzing and interpreting data • 13. communicating findings of the study

  32. ASSIGNMENT • Draw a diagrammatic representation of quantitative research process.

  33. Steps or process

  34. FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM • FOREMOST STEP • REQUIRED TO DEFINE WELL • GENERALLY STATE IN A BROAD TERM • LATER NARROWED DOWN TO THE SPECIFIC TOPIC

  35. E.G. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AMONG CONSTRUCTION WORKER( BROAD) • PREVALENCE OF HEALTH COMPLAINTS AMONG CONSRUCTION WORKERS(SPECIFIC)

  36. ELEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT • DESIGN, VARIABLES, SETTING, POPULATION • E.G. A Descriptive Study to assess the Prevalence of Health Complaints among Construction Workers Working In Various Construction Sites of Mangalore.

  37. A Descriptive Study to assess the Prevalence of Health Complaints among Construction Workers Working In Various Construction Sites of Mangalore. • Identify the following elements the problem statement: • Setting • Population • Study design • Variable.

  38. What dimensions to be considered before taking up a research study problem • Is this research problem is theoretically /clinically important. • Are adequate resources are available to conduct a research study • Is it the best possible methodology to study the research problem • Would this research problem respect the rights of study sample

  39. Study objectives • Second step • Written as per the problem under study • Can be two/ three or more objectives • Along with this step operational definition also to be written • Operational definitions are written based on the problem statement and objectives under study.

  40. Formulate study objectives for the below problem statement • A Descriptive Study to assess the Prevalence of Health Complaints among Construction Workers Working In Various Construction Sites of Mangalore.

  41. 1. to identify the prevalence of health complaint among the constructions workers working in various construction sites. • To Find the Association Between Prevalence of Health Complaints And Demographic Variables Among Constructions Workers

  42. OPERATIONAL DEFINITON • PREVALENCE • HEALTH COMPLAINTS • CONSTRUCTION WORKERS • CONSTRUCTION SITES • MANGALORE • FIRST READ THE BOOK DEFINITION AND LATER WRITE WHAT IT MEANT IN THE PRESENT STUDY.

  43. Review of literature • Third step • Summary of previous knowledge generated on the study topic • It forms a foundation to the present study • Sources: books journals, periodicals, thesis, reports, case studies, news papers and CDROMS, RESEARCH ELECTRONIC SOURCES

  44. What Aspects The Research Review Must Exhibit • STUDY DESIGN, OBJECTIVES,SETTING, SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, SAMPLING TECHNIQUE, TOOL, STATISTICAL DATA, RECOMMENDATION OR STUDY CONCLUSION • REFERENCES: AS PER THE RECOMMENDED STYLE • E.G. Vancouver/ APA

  45. Conceptual frame work • It helps to expand the body of nsg knowledge • It provides meaning to the research problem • It also helps in developing assumptions and hypothesis

  46. Hypothesis/ assumptions • Assumptions: are statements considered to be true • May or may not have scientific base • It gives direction to the study

  47. HYPOTHESIS: • ARE ASSUMED STATEMENTS • SUGGESTING ANSWER TO THE QUESTION • E.G. THERE WILL BE SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PREVAALENCE OF HEALTH COMPLAINTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

  48. SELECTING RESEARCH DESIGN • IS A BLUE PRINT TO OBTAIN ANSWER TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION • PRESENT e.g. • DISCRIPTIVE DESIGN WITH SURVEY APPROACH

  49. SELECTING THE SAMPLE SIZE • Decide sample size so that it helps to generalize the findings. • Should not be too small or too large • There are formulas to estimate sample size too.

  50. ESTABLISHINGETHICAL CONSIDERATION • Permission from the ethics committee • Consent from the participants • Maintaining confidentiality of the subjects • Doing no harm to the participant with the intervention

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