Classification

1. Classification

2. Early Systems • Aristotle’s classification • Plant/animal? • Water/air dweller? • Common name confusion : robin, fir tree, jellyfish

3. Linneaus • 1700’s • Hierarchy based on morphology • 7 original levels • Domain (newest level) • Kingdom • Phylum (animal) Division (plant) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

4. Classification Hierarchy of Organisms

5. Binomial Nomenclature • Species names has 2 parts: genus and species = scientific name • Genus is capitalized species is not • Italicize or underline • Name may be descriptive or “in honor of”

6. Systematics • Taxonomy: naming and grouping of organisms • Systematics – based on natural relationships including • Embryology, • Chromosomes • DNA/RNA • Gets “revised” as new info is learned

7. Cladistics • Based on certain features “shared derived characters” I.e. feathers within birds (unique) • Birds probably had a common ancestor because they all have feathers

8. Phylogenetic Diagram of major groups of organisms

9. 3 Domain System • Based on analyses of rRNA • Bacteria – (Eubacteria) • Archae – (Archaebacteria) • Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants animals)

10. Modern Classification

11. Modern Classification • 6 Kingdoms w/in 3 domains • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

12. ECOLOGY- Ch 18 Notes

13. ECOLOGY • The study of living organisms and their interaction with the environment • Interdependence: Everything is connected!!!! • Make Models to help understand/explain

14. Making an Ecosystem Model

15. Levels of Organization • Biosphere - Earth & its atmosphere that supports life • Ecosystem - organisms & their environment (living & non-living in an area) • Community - interacting organisms, all living orgs. • Population - members of same species in one place • Organism - adaptations of individuals

16. Levels of Organization

17. Ecology Consists Of: • BIOTIC Factors - living things • ABIOTIC Factors - non living (pH, temp. sunlight, soil type)

18. Responses to Environmental Change • Acclimation - occurs within an individuals lifetime, you are able to function normally • Control Internal Condition • Conformer - body temp rises & falls w/ environment (ex. Fish) • Regulator - use energy to control your insides (mammals)

19. Responses to Environmental Change • Escape • hide underground if hot • dormant for long periods of time • migrate - move to better climate

20. Tolerance Curve • Level of change an organism can handle • Range of an organism may be determined by this

21. Niche’s • The role of the species in the environment • Fundamental - potential range of conditions & resources the species can tolerate • Realized - range of conditions & resources the species actually uses. Usually narrower than fundamental

22. Earthworm Niche

23. Niche Differences • Generalists - Broad range of conditions & variety of resources (cockroach) • Specialists - very narrow niche, feeds on specific food (koala)

24. Energy Transfer • Involves • Producer • Consumer • Energy Flow

25. Producers • Autotrophs - include plants, some protists & bacteria • Photosynthetic - use sunlight as energy source • Chemosynthetic - use inorganic molecules as energy source (hydrogen sulfide)

26. Consumers • Cannot make their own food, must eat others, heterotrophs • Herbivore: producer eater • Carnivore: consumer eater • Omnivore: eat producer & consumer • Detritivore: Feed on “garbage,” dead stuff, animal waste – has a face • Decomposer - cause decay by breaking down tissue & waste – no face

27. Who Eats Whom? • Food Chains (simple) • Food Webs (complex) • Trophic Levels: Energy flows from one trophic level to another

28. Antarctic Food Chain

29. Antarctic Food Web

30. Trophic Levels • Autotrophs: plants = 1st trophic level • Heterotrophs: Cannot make their own food • Herbivores: 2nd trophic level • Carnivores: 3rd trophic level & up • Omnivores: Above 1st Trophic level

31. What Happens as Energy Moves Through a Food Chain? • Organisms are not 100% efficient • about 10% of the energy at one level makes it to the next level (90%lost)

32. The 10% Rule & Trophic Levels

33. What Happens as Energy Moves Through a Food Chain? • Energy is lost, by the organisms basic needs and heat

34. What Happens as Energy Moves Through a Food Chain? Implications • Usually no more than 3-4 levels in a food chain • Fewer and fewer organisms in the food chain as you go up

35. Why are there more grasshoppers than grizzly bears?

36. Productivity • How “productive” in making carbohydrates in the ecosystem • Carbs used for - cellular respiration, maintenance, growth, reproduction • biomass - amount of organic material produced in an ecosystem---producers add biomass

37. Primary Productivity • Gross Pri. Prod. (GPP) - rate producers capture energy….is total amount • Net Pri. Prod. (NPP) - rate biomass accumulates (carbohydrates used for maintenance don’t result in biomass)….is amount left over after deductions made

38. Net Primary Productivity • Only biomass is available to other organisms • expressed as (kcal/m2/yr) or g/m2/yr) • NPP = GPP - respiration rate in producers • Varies among ecosystems….is biomass greater in tropical rain forest or desert?

39. Biogeochemical cycles • Nutrients are essential to the success of ecosystems • Nutrients cycle between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem • Removal of trees = higher rate of nutrient and water loss • CHNOPS are most important!

40. Water Cycle= Hydrologic • More water = more diversity • Plants are integral - take up water, and it evaporates into atmosphere through their leaves (transpiration) • Evaporation from oceans & lakes • Involves precipitation, reservoirs of groundwater, vapor • No plants = lose water to runoff

41. Water Cycle

42. Carbon Cycle • Carbon is in carbon dioxide in air - gets there by cellularrespiration and burning fossil fuels • Taken out of air by photosynthesis • Living organisms are made of C, must get it by eating organisms • Cutting forests = increase CO2 levels - global warming

43. Carbon Cycle

44. Nitrogen Cycle • Needed for proteins and nucleic acids • Nitrogen gas makes up ~78% of atmosphere but cannot be taken in directly from air by animals; need to be assimilated by plants first

45. Nitrogen Cycle • 5 Steps to memorize • Nitrogen fixation: take N2 gas out of air and convert into ammonia or nitrates (by bacteria & lightning) • Nitrification: ammonium (NH4+)  nitrate (NO3) by bacteria to be taken up by plants (soil bacteria oxidize) • Assimilation: plants take up ammonia, ammonium and nitrate ions through roots (animals can then eat) • Ammonification: dead organisms & waste (through urine/dung) contain Nitrogen  ammonia & ammonium ions (by decomposer bacteria) for plants • Denitrification: N2 released back into atmosphere (by bacteria) • Plants use nitrates to form AA, animals get nitrogen by eating plants

46. Nitrogen Cycle

47. Phosphorus Cycle • phosphorus moves from phosphate deposited in rock, to the soil, to living organisms, and finally to the ocean

48. Populations-Ch 19

49. Properties of Populations • Size - can be counted or estimated • Density - How crowded they are U.S. = 30 people/Km2 • Topics: • Dispersion • Growth rate • Age structure • Survivorship curves

50. Dispersion • Clumped • Random • Uniform/Even