The Byzantine Empire

1. The Byzantine Empire World History I Heritage High School Mr. Irwin

2. The Byzantine Empire – 565 C.E.

3. The New Eastern Empire • When the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, the eastern empire still survived as the Byzantine Empire • Lasted for 1000 years after fall of Rome • Capital city – Constantinople • Center of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbor

4. Constantinople - Center of Trade Byzantine Empire became wealthy due to being center of trade

5. Byzantine emperors enjoyed absolute power Expanded empire Beautified Constantinople Created Justinian Code of Law Relied heavily on wife, Theodora, to help run empire Justinian (ruled 527 – 565)

6. Justinian Conquers (Again) • Justinian reconquered lands lost by the Eastern Empire • Lands included parts of Italy, Africa, and Spain

7. Rebuilt Constantinople • Justinian began rebuilding the capital, Constantinople, after being damaged in a revolt • Rebuilt city walls • Built schools, hospitals, courts, churches • Most famous church and great architectural achievement was the Hagia Sophia

8. Hagia Sophia

9. Byzantine Art • Greatly inspired by Christianity and imperial power • Icons – religious images • Mosaics - the art of creating images using small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other material

10. Icons

11. Mosaics

12. Influence of Roman Law – Justinian Code • Justinian was highly influenced by Roman law • Had 10 scholars look through thousands of Roman laws to develop own code of law • Developed Justinian Code – uniform code of law based on Roman law • Included laws on marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights, and crime • Laws were strict but fair • Gave same rights to everyone – rich or poor • Highly influential – laws became model for lawmakers in Europe and our own laws

13. Influence of Roman and Greek Culture • Byzantines spoke Greek • Studied Latin, Greek, Roman literature and history

14. Tension between Eastern and Western Christian Churches • Division of the Roman empire affected the Christian Church • In the east – emperor had control over head of church • Caused by different cultural practices • Limited contact between areas • Religious practices developed differently • In the west – lack of emperor gave pope more responsibilities • Western pope claimed control over all Christian churches in east and west • Eastern church rejected authority of pope

15. The Church Divides • Christian Church split in 1054 • Known as “The Great Schism” • Roman Catholic Church in the west • Catholic – “universal” • Latin – official language • Eastern Orthodox Church in the east • Orthodox – “holding established beliefs” • Greek – official language • Split led to creation of two separate European civilizations

16. The Western Church (Roman Catholic) Services conducted in Latin The Pope had authority over all other bishops The Pope claims authority over all kings and emperors Priests may not marry; this is called celibacy Divorce is not permitted Church is centered in Rome; it is far from the capital of Constantinople The Eastern Church (Eastern Orthodox) Services conducted in Greek and local languages The Patriarch and other bishops share power over the church The emperors claim authority over the patriarch and the bishops Priests may be married Divorce is allowed under certain circumstances Church is centered in Constantinople The Western Church (Roman Catholic) VS the Eastern Church (Orthodox) (Write these down!)

17. Quick Review • Which church seemed to allows for greater diversity among its members? Why? • Who would have more political power: the pope or the patriarch? • When you have answered these two questions, turn to a neighbor and discuss your answers

18. Eastern Orthodox Church

19. Roman Catholic Church

20. Influence on Russia • The Byzantine Empire greatly influenced Russia • Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Byzantine missionaries established Orthodox Churches in Russia • Russia and most of Eastern Europe adopted Orthodox Christianity as main religion • Byzantine missionaries even created an alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, to write the Bible in Russian.

21. What is the Cyrillic alphabet and where did it come from? • The Cyrillic alphabet was created by Saint Cyril and was used by many Slavic languages (like Russian). • Try writing your name in Cyrillic!

22. Russian Orthodox Church

23. Byzantine Empire Collapses • New Arabian religion of Islam began in 600s • Muslims armies attacked Constantinople • Civil wars, attacks by Ottoman Turks, Serbs, and Europeans hurt Byzantine Empire • Only small section of empire remained by 1350 • Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 • This officially ended the Byzantine Empire