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The Integumentary System. The Integumentary System. It is the largest organ system in the body. Functions: Maintain Homeostasis: Protects against infection. Regulates temperature. Protects softer tissue and organs.
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The Integumentary System • It is the largest organ system in the body. • Functions: • Maintain Homeostasis: • Protects against infection. • Regulates temperature. • Protects softer tissue and organs. • Protects the body from dehydration, sunburns, sudden changes in temperature. • Secretes wastes through sweat. • Stores water, fat, and vitamin D.
Parts of the Integumentary System The Integumentary system is made up of:
The Integumentary System • The Skin: • Largest organ of the Integumentary System. • Outer covering of the body. • Protects the body. • Protects from infectious pathogens and excessive water loss. • Also functions as insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. • Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. • Diverse. • There are 2 general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin. • In humans, skin pigmentation varies among populations. • And skin can range from dry to oily.
The Integumentary System • Layers of the skin: • The skin has three primary layers, the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. • Epidermis: • The outermost layer of the skin that forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface. • Dermis: • The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that is made up of connective tissue. • Cushions the body from stress and is elastic to protect the body from strain. • The dermis is also tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. • Hypodermis: • Actually not a part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. • Attaches the skin to the underlying bone and muscle and also supplies it with blood vessels and nerves. • It is made up of loose connective tissue and elastin.
The Integumentary System • The Hair: • Hair is a filamentous biomaterial, that grows from follicles found in the dermis. • Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals, but is also found in other animals. • The word "hair" often refers to two distinct structures: • The part beneath the skin, called the hair follicle or when pulled from the skin, called the bulb. This organ is located in the dermis and maintains stem cells which not only re-grow the hair after it falls out, but also are recruited to grow skin after a wound. • The shaft, which is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross section of the hair shaft may be divided roughly into three zones. • The structure of hair fibers consist of several layers. Starting from the outside: • the cuticle which consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another as roof shingles, • the cortex, which contains the keratin bundles in cell structures that remain roughly rod-like; and in some cases, • the medulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center.
The Integumentary System • The Nails: • A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. • Nails grow all the time, but their rate of growth slows down with age and poor circulation. • The Nail is divided into 3 main parts, the nail root, the nail bed and the nail plate, • The nail root, also known as the germinal matrix, produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed. This portion of the nail does not have any melanocytes, or melanin producing cells. The edge of the germinal matrix is seen as a white, crescent shaped structure called the lunula. • The nail bed, also called the sterile matrix, is part of the nail matrix and contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells. As the nail is produced by the root, it streams down along the nail bed, which adds material to the undersurface of the nail making it thicker. It is important for normal nail growth that the nail bed be smooth. If it is not, the nail may split or develop grooves that can be cosmetically unappealing. • The nail plate is actually part of the fingernail, made of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of the nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail. The underneath surface of the nail plate has grooves along the length of the nail that help anchor it to the nail bed.
The Integumentary System • Careers of the integumentary system: • Dermatologist: • a specialist in dermatology, especially a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the skin. • Plastic Surgeon: • the branch of surgery dealing with the repair or replacement of malformed, injured, or lost organs or tissues of the body, chiefly by the transplant of living tissues. • Allergist: • a physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies.
The Integumentary System • Diseases of the integumentary system: • Acne: • an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands, characterized by comedones and pimples, especially on the face, back, and chest, and, in severe cases, by cysts and nodules resulting in scarring. • Rash: • an eruption or efflorescence on the skin. • Herpes: • any of several diseases caused by herpes virus, characterized by eruption of blisters on the skin or mucous membranes. • Shingles: • a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, especially by reactivated virus in an older person, characterized by skin eruptions and pain along the course of involved sensory nerves.
