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ESA CAPACITY Study Final Presentation ESTEC, 2 nd June 2005

ESA CAPACITY Study Final Presentation ESTEC, 2 nd June 2005. Presentation by B. J. Kerridge (RAL, UK) on behalf of WP3200 team. Definition of Mission Concept for Polar Orbit. Definition of Mission Concept for Polar Orbit. Consortium Criteria for assessment of techniques

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ESA CAPACITY Study Final Presentation ESTEC, 2 nd June 2005

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  1. ESA CAPACITY Study Final Presentation ESTEC, 2nd June 2005 Presentation by B. J. Kerridge (RAL, UK) on behalf of WP3200 team Definition of Mission Concept for Polar Orbit

  2. Definition of Mission Concept for Polar Orbit • Consortium • Criteria for assessment of techniques • Value added to MetOp/NPOESS • Assessments • Recommendations

  3. Consortium RAL - J.Reburn (co-ordinator) IMK/FZK - G.Stiller U.Leicester - J.Remedios CNRS/Noveltis - C.Camy-Peyret, C.Clerbaux, P.Prunet SRON - R.Jongma, I.Aben, R.Hoogeveen U.Bremen - C.Verdes, H.Bovensmann LSCE - F-M.Breon • Acknowledgements to all for co-operative, efficient and constructive contributions within limited resource.

  4. Criteria for assessment of Measurement Techniques • Whether MetOp/NPOESS capability will exist at all and, if so, degree of non-compliance with requirements. 2. Extent to which major non-compliances could realistically be mitigated 3. Needs of operational (NRT) users assigned priority in CAPACITY. 4. For early Sentinel implementation: technical concept mature and demonstrated in space • only modest further technical development

  5. Degree of MetOp/NPOESS non-compliance Major – Key measurements not made by MetOp/NPOESS in required height range and/or time of day Significant – Key measurements by MetOp/NPOESS seriously non-compliant in vertical resolution, spatio-temporal sampling and/or precision

  6. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS • The operational observing system could be augmented in three physical dimensions: • Geometrical • Spectral • Temporal • Geometrical • Operational observing system devoid of: • Limb-emission sounders for global height-resolved data in upper troposphere and stratosphere for operational users • Solar occultation sensors to extend stratospheric profiling by this established technique for scientific assessments.

  7. Odin SMR data on Antarctic Vortex 12-13th Sept’04 475K 30-90oS N2O O3 T • 30oS ClO HNO3 SZA SZA range: 85 – 95o Courtesy J.Urban, Chalmers

  8. CO observed in UT (147hPa) by Aura MLS on 30th Aug’04 CO plume – polluted boundary layer air transported up by Asian monsoon circulation. White curves – tropopause (PV = +2.0x10-6 K m2 kg-1 s-1) Courtesy M.Filipiak, Edinburgh

  9. Preliminary HNO3 retrieval from MIPAS for 21/10/03 -12/11/03 HNO3 Zonal-Mean ppbv HNO3 at ~9km - HNO3 in mid-trop higher in tropics - HNO3 plume over Africa Courtesy G.Stiller, IMK

  10. CH4 and C2H6 daily zonal means from preliminary MIPAS retrievals CH4 - 17/10/02 ppmv C2H6 - 16/11/02 ppbv - C2H6 in mid-trop higher in N.Hem - Structure in upper trop CH4 Courtesy G.Stiller, IMK

  11. GOME-1 only and synergistic MIPAS + SCIA O3 orbit cross-sections 23/08/02 ≥16km a priori = MIPAS L2 GOME-1 standard a priori MIPAS + SCIA retrieval GOME-1 only retrieval South Atlantic anomaly Courtesy R.Siddans, RAL

  12. GOME-1 only and synergistic MIPAS + SCIA lower troposphere O3 23/08/02 MIPAS+SCIA GOME-1 only 1012 molec/cm3 MIPASCloud Contaminated at 12km Increased “noise” in SAA but retrieval still possible SAA

  13. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS (contd) • Geometrical (contd) • Deployment of nadir-viewing uv/vis spectrometer with ground pixel smaller than GOME-2 and OMPS • Increase density of cloud-free observations of boundary layer for pollution monitoring & air quality forecast applications.

  14. Near-surface O3 from GOME-1 1996-2002

  15. Global mean cloud stats vs px size from ATSR-2 data for 1 day OMI 1 px OMI 8 px OMPS - As px size decreases, no. samples can increase as well as % cloud-free

  16. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS (contd) 2. Spectral • Range 0.8 – 3.7 mm (swir) not covered by MetOp/NPOESS • Addition of channels near 2mm to nadir-viewing uv/vis/nir would: (a) Provide sensitivity to boundary layer CH4 (b) resolve aerosol into several tropospheric layers • add value to operational system for climate applications • Deployment of FTIR with spec res higher than IASI and CrIS • tropospheric CO data of higher quality & detection of NMHCs • Deployment of a limb-uv/vis/nir sounder with: (a) higher spectral resolution than OMPS in BrO and NO2 bands (b) channels added in 1 – 2mm (swir) range • improve compliance of operational system for ozone/uv and climate scientific assessments.

  17. Optical Depths in SWIR H2O CO2 CH4

  18. CH4 from nadir-SWIR (2.35mm) channel - CH4 emissions from rice paddies in S.E.Asia Courtesy I.Aben, SRON

  19. Aerosol from 2mm • Simulated retrieval for spectral band 1.8 – 2.0 mm • Spectral resolution: 0.4nm (1cm-1) • Average over cloud-free pixels across-track Altitude / km x/xt Scattering coefficient error / km-1

  20. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS (contd) 3. Temporal • Afternoon observations of trace gas pollutants in boundary layer -> unique for polar orbit: • Attribution of pollution episodes in afternoon • Closer than GOME-2 (9:30am) & OMPS(1:30pm) to the early morning AQ forecast time

  21. Local time at which SZA = 90o SZA < 90o so sunlit SZA > 90o so dark - At 3:30pm can see to ~55oN all year round

  22. Quantitative Comparisons • Instrument specs & performance estimates for new designs made available to CAPACITY: • Limb-FTIR and limb-mm (Explorer studies) • Multi-angle polarimeter • Nadir-viewing grating spectrometers • uv/vis (OMI-derived) • swir (SCIA- & OMI-derived) • uv/vis + swir (OMI-derived) • Comparisons with requirements conducted to supplement those for planned missions.

  23. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS Major = Measurement not made by MetOp/NPOESS or other mission planned 2010-20 Significant = Improved height-resolution, sensitivity or timeliness (for NRT) Some = Increase in number of samples per day

  24. Complementary attributes of limb-mm/submm & limb-FTIR

  25. Predicted annual mean probability of limb transmittance > 3% • Estimate from ECMWF T, q, liq & ice cloud sampled globally 1 day in 10 over 1 yr • Dashed white line is climatological tropopause. • 3% limb transmittance => threshold determined from retrieval simulations ~1mm

  26. Assessments:Solar occultation & lidar/DIAL ir & uv/vis solar occultation • Offers stratospheric profiles of high quality for scientific assessments of climate and ozone/uv, though non-compliant on horizontal sampling. • No operational NRT users • US, Canada and Japan have strong technical heritages, so well-placed to lead occultation mission for stratospheric monitoring. Lidar & DIAL • Lidars on ADM-Aeolus and EarthCARE can profile tropospheric aerosol to mitigate this deficiency of MetOp/NPOESS • Aerosol lidar therefore not priority for Sentinel mission (possibility for post-EPS, following evaluation of ADM-Aeolus?) • DIAL technology not sufficiently mature for Sentinel mission

  27. Assessments (contd):Nadir-uv/vis/nir grating spectrometer • Nadir-uv/vis spectrometer with small ground pixel in complementary orbit to GOME-2 & OMPS for pollution monitoring and AQ forecasting: • Unambiguous, large increase in BL sampling per day factor >2 cf OMPS+GOME-2 (MetOp data rate limits to 24 px) • Late afternoon observations closer to early am AQ forecast • European heritage internationally competitive • Mature concepts exist for uv/vis/nir from OMI and GOME-2 • swir channels near 2mm would add value for climate applications: • Near-surface CH4 • Aerosol resolved into several tropospheric layers • Technical development for swir channels would benefit from: • new HgCdTe detector arrays • experience gained from SCIA (data analysis; swir design, pre-flight characterisation and in-flight calibration). • Concept recommended for early Phase A study: uv/vis/nir spectrometer with option to add swir channels.

  28. Assessments (contd):Nadir-FTIR • IASI and CrIS to fly in parallel in (at least) two different orbits • Will sample (at least) four times of day • IASI-type FTIR could increase IASI + CrIS sampling by <50% • Value added by stand-alone FTIR less than uv/vis/nir/swir • Synergy with uv/vis for tropospheric O3 profiling and co-location requirements to be demonstrated by IASI & GOME-2 on MetOp • Instrument spec and retrieval simulations for advanced design not available for CAPACITY, but FTIR with higher spec res could offer: • CO data of higher quality than IASI/CrIS • Detection of NMHCs and other trace gases for climate assessment • Europe well-placed with IASI heritage to evolve FTIR design for trace gas monitoring post-EPS.

  29. Assessments (contd) Multi-angle polarimeter & limb-uv/vis/nir Multi-angle polarimeter • Instrument flying in parallel to APS on NPOESS • Aerosol properties additional to AOT and size • Strong US heritage from MISR and now APS development • Parallel development in Europe not the most effective use of Sentinel Limb-uv/vis/nir/swir spectrometer • Higher spectral resolution than OMPS • stratospheric BrO and NO2 profiles of potentially higher quality for climate scientific assessment and ozone/uv applications • Additional channels >1mm • scattering by aerosol and cirrus to below tropopause. • Use by operational centre not yet demonstrated • Strong heritage from SOLSE/LORE and OMPS in US and from OSIRIS in Canada • Parallel development in Europe not the most effective use of Sentinel

  30. Assessments (contd):Limb-ir & -mm/sub-mm • No limb-emission sensor on MetOp/NPOESS • Those on Odin, Envisat and Aura unlikely to function beyond 2010. • Height-resolved observations of UTLS from limb-emisson would: • Remedy major non-compliances for climate and ozone/uv operational NRT applications and others • Directly, and indirectly through limb-nadir synergy, mitigate MetOp/NPOESS non-compliances on tropospheric data • Positive impact demonstrated by ECMWF in Envisat MIPAS assimilaton Anticipated that Aura MLS range should extend to below tropopause. • European heritage competitive with US for both FTIR and mm/sub-mm and no current US plans for limb-emission sounding. • Recommend preparation in 2005/6 for limb-sounder Phase A study: • Evaluate impact of Envisat & Aura limb-sounder data in: • assimilation by ECMWF & other operational centres. • extensive demonstration of limb-nadir synergy • Refine limb-mm/submm and -ir instrument specs throughretrieval simulations to meet operational user requirements for monitoring

  31. Recommendations • Planned operational observing system comprising ground networks, MetOp, NPOESS & MSG should be exploited fully and augmented efficiently to monitor atmospheric composition during 2010-20, in line with GMES approach. • Polar system should evolve from MetOp /NPOESS towards post-EPS system which better serves user needs for monitoring atmospheric composition. • Seek to achieve this through co-operation, eg: • US via reciprocal agreements on data access • Eumetsat on post-EPS definition. • Possible provision of occultation mission by US, Canada or Japan, who each have strong heritage

  32. Recommendations (contd) • Phase A study leading to early implementation of Sentinel comprising nadir-viewing instrumentation in complementary orbit to MetOp/NPOESS 9:30am/1:30pm eq crossing times. • Better serve needs of operational users in Europe and worldwide for pollution monitoring and AQ forecasting, together with AQassessment,climate and O3/surface uv applications. • Prepare in 2005/6 for Phase A study of limb-sounder component: • Evaluate impact of Envisat and Aura limb-sounder data in assimilation by operational centres • Refine limb-mm/submm and -ir instrument specs to meet user requirements for monitoring throughretrieval simulations

  33. Recommendations (contd) • Definition of additional components would benefit from evaluations of: • nadir-FTIR: IASI & synergy with GOME-2 • limb-uv/vis/nir: OMPS on NPP • multi-angle polarimeter: APS on NPP/NPOESS • lidar: CALIPSO and ADM-Aeolus

  34. Supplementary Slides

  35. Statistics of simulated CO retrievals from IASI, CrIS and AIRS for one day Courtesy C.Clerbaux, CNRS RMS BIAS Background Variability IASI has most skill in lower troposphere

  36. Aerosol from 2mm Resolution / cm-1 Error source 1cm-1 (0.4nm) ACOR 2-d array instrument, averaging all cloud free pixels across swath Errors at 4km altitude Altitude / km x/xt * 2-boxes per error / resolution correspond to 2 view / solar angles (21 & 71o) Altitude / km * mapped radiometic offset approx = cloud-free radiance (outside lines). Needs to be ~factor 100 lower to avoid dominating ESD. Scattering coefficient error / km-1

  37. H2O & T retrieval from limb-sounders in frame of operational assimilation

  38. Value added by new instruments to MetOp/NPOESS

  39. Tropical limb-opacity contributions from H2O vapour, liq & ice clouds mm-wave (dashed) mid-ir window(solid) No cloud + Liquid cloud + Liq & ice cloud Tropopause • IR: • Penetration controlled by ice cloud • Can see into mid-troposphere • Mm-wave: • Penetration controlled by H2O vapour • High probability of sounding UT

  40. CH4 from nadir-SWIR (2.35mm) channel

  41. SCIA CH4: Aug-Nov’03 1.65mm (ratio to 1.57 CO2)

  42. Satellite Instruments Sensitive to Carbon Molecules in the Atmosphere

  43. Spectral Resolution in Trace Gas Bands for AIRS, IASI, CrIS

  44. Carbon Monoxide S/N for a 10% (10 ppb) perturbation Polar Mid-Latitude Tropical

  45. Wavelength Dependence of Cirrus Extinction

  46. COAverage March-April-May (2004) Cloud-free, day time SCIAMACHY MOPITT

  47. Tropospheric Limb Transmittance Climatology • ECMWF 3-D fields of T, q, liq & ice cloud sampled as per 14 (ERS-2) orbits for 1-day in 10 for one year • Limb opacity calculated in windows at 1mm,12mm & 1mm • Clear-air first • Liq and ice cloud then added • Tangent heights from 0-20 km at 1km intervals • Sampling 60km along-track; 16km x 4km across • Seasonal & annual zonal-means generated by: • binning limb opacities into 10o latitude intervals • calculating probability of: transmittance > threshold

  48. Tropospheric Limb Transmittance Climatology (contd) • Clear-air optical depth: • H2O & dry air continua from CKD (mid/near-ir) and Liebe’89 (mm-wave) formulations • Vibration-rotation lines (nb H2O/O3/CO2) ignored • Calculation at 12mm is lower limit for IR • Cloud optical depth: • Liq droplets: ECMWF RTM • Ice crystals: • IWC:Reff correlation (F.Evans) • vis/ir: “aggregates” (A.Baran) • mm-wave: “T-matrix” (U.Bremen) • Adding cloud has negligible impact if clear-air opacity high • Validation against SAGE-II 1mm climatology

  49. MIPAS CTH occurrence9/02-11/03 21+/-1.5km Courtesy M.Milz, IMK

  50. MIPAS CTH occurrence9/02-11/03 18+/-1.5km

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