THE MOGULS

1. THE MOGULS • Who were they? • United the subcontinent of India in the 1500s • Came from north of the Indus River (not native to India) • Reached their peak under Shah Akbar (came to power at 14)

2. WHAT DID AKBAR DO? • Placed most of India under his rule (unified the region) • He was a Muslim but practiced great religious tolerance (what does this mean?) • Established a long period of peace and economic prosperity/trade --- his death in 1605 was the beginning of the end, Delhi was conquered by the Persians in 1739 and the British were gaining control of the subcontinent as well

3. Imperialism and Colonial India

4. UNITED KINGDOM • Includes: • 1. Northern Ireland • 2. Scotland • 3. Wales • 4. England

5. GREAT BRITAIN • Includes: • 1. Scotland • 2. Wales • 3. England

6. IMPERIALISM • The extension of a nation’s power over other lands. (One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country)

7. Why be an Imperialist? 1. Political rivalries/Prestige • European countries needed colonies to compete with other Europeans. 2. Desire for New Markets/Economics • New territory to get raw materials and sell finished goods. 3. Seeking New Opportunities • Native Europeans could advance socially by taking an assignment in a colony 4. “Civilizing Mission”/Racism • Some Europeans thought it was their duty to impose their culture on other, less “civilized” peoples.

8. Forms of Imperialism 1. Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled directly 2. Protectorate: territory that had its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power. 3. Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights.

9. BRITISH COME TO INDIA

10. BRITISH IN INDIA • Involvement in India dates back to the 1500s • 1650 – British trading forts established – British took Indian cotton goods to the East Indies, where they traded them for spices • Mid-1700s – Britain, through the East India Company, strengthened its control of Indian territory

11. The Sepoy Mutiny • By 1857, the East India Co. controlled most of India • 1857: Thesepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against their British commanders, many people on both sides were killed • The Indians resented Christianity and European customs

12. Results of the Sepoy Rebellion • Rebellion spread across northern and central India • Forced British to take “direct control” of India (Queen Victoria became the Empress of India in 1876) • Viceroy System Imposed: A viceroy ruled India as the monarch’s representative • Fueled Indian Nationalism

13. NATIONALISM • The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

14. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE Cons /Negatives Pros/Positives Created order and stability; more efficient government Increased education Building of new hospitals, roads, canals, schools…. • Destroyed local industries • Caused millions to starve • Disrespect of Indian culture • High taxes; many lost their land

15. CREATION OF MODERN INDIA

16. Reactions to British Rule • 1885: Indian National Congress (INC) formed • Accepted ideas of democracy and equality • Initially used peaceful protests to gain more power for the Indians. • Leader in Indian struggle for independence. • The INC was divided by religion • The Hindus (majority) and Muslims (minority) did not trust each other.

17. GANDHI • Worked for Indian independence starting before WWI (1914-1918) • Known as India’s “Great Soul” • Was a lawyer in England and South Africa before returning to India

18. --- Gandhi practiced civil disobedience – non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws--- Satyagraha: a term which means “truth force” and describes the nonviolent protests

19. He believed nonviolence would embarrass and humiliate the British, eventually forcing them to grant India freedom

20. Killed in 1948 by a Hindu extremist who believed Gandhi was too generous to the Muslims

21. The Amritsar Massacre • 1919 - 10,000 unarmed Indians gathered for a political meeting • British troops blocked the only entrance and began firing upon the crowd. • 400 people were killed, 1200 wounded. • The Amritsar Massacre spurred even more Indian people to join the fight for independence.

22. The Salt March • The British controlled (and taxed) all salt in India • 1930: Gandhi led thousands on a march to the sea • They made salt out of sea water • Eventually, Gandhi was arrested like many of his followers already had been.

23. Limited Self-Rule • 1935: Government of India Act • Created a constitution for India that gave provincial (local) legislatures control over areas such as agriculture, education, public health, and public works. • Also gave 5 million Indians the right to vote and increased the role of Indians in government • The INC (at the urging of Gandhi) accepted the act even though it didn’t offer complete independence.

24. Hindu-Muslim Relations • Hindus outnumbered Muslims 3 to 1 in India • 1937: The Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, split with the Congress Party • The Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim nation (Pakistan). • Hindus, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted a united India. • The independence movement was permanently fractured. • Gandhi did not want the creation of Pakistan

25. POST-WORLD WAR II • British colonial control of South Asia ended after WWII (1945) • The Indian subcontinent was divided into two countries, Pakistan and India (August 15, 1947)

26. ON THE MOVE • 12 million Muslims and Hindus moved across the borders of the newly created countries • Violence broke out and more than a 200,000 people were killed(including Mohandas Gandhi)

27. South AsiaModern India & Pakistan

28. Jawaharlal NehruCongress Party (Old INC) • First prime minister of India • 1947-1964 • Nehru’s Goals: • Economic: Modern, Industrial • Religious Freedom • Social Equality • Agricultural Growth • Cold War: Non-alignment

29. Indira GandhiCongress Party • Daughter of Nehru • No relation to “Mahatma” • India’s PM from 1966-1984 • Green Revolution (see article) • India’s greatest challenge has been to FEED its own people. • High-yield Seeds • Fertilizers • Incredible population growth • 1900 – 350 millions Indians • 2013 – 1.2 billion Indians • Dealt with Sikh separatist movement.

30. Indira Gandhi Assassinated • Faced opposition from Sikh nationalists • Was assassinatedby Sikh bodyguards. • Revenge for Golden Temple attack. • Nationalism continues, but is weaker . . .

31. India’s persecution of the Sikhs Push for Independence

32. Sikh Nationalism • Sikhs resented partition of Punjab between Pakistan and India • Sikh nationalists called for own nation: Khalistan. • 1984: Sikh separatists took over Golden Temple. • Indian army attacked. • 600 killed. • 1985: Sikh terrorist blew up Air India flight leaving Canada. • 200+ killed

33. INDIA TODAY

34. GOVERNMENT……… FEDERAL REPUBLIC (same 3 branches of gov’t as U.S.) Prime Minisster Dr. Manmohan Singh

35. POPULATION: 1.2 billion ………..2ND LARGEST IN THE WORLD BEHIND CHINA……THE UNITED STATES IS 3RD

36. Pakistan: QUICK HISTORY • Independence – 1947 • Created as a home for Muslims • 97% Muslim today • Jinnah died in 1948 • Originally created as one country on two sides of India (West and East Pakistan) • Pakistan has had an unstable story since 1947.

37. Pakistan1950-Present • East Pakistan  Bangladesh (1971) • India helped Bangladesh break away • West Pakistan  Pakistan • Unstable • Military rule • PervezMusharraf was most recent military ruler • Resigned in 2008

38. PAKISTAN SPLITS Bangladesh – in 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence and became Bangladesh

39. Pakistan Today • President : Asif Ali Zardari • Osama Bin Laden was found in Pakistan • Tense relations w/U.S. • Ally or Enemy?? • Tension still exists w/India

40. Modern India Modern Pakistan Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12% Monetary Unit: Pakistani Rupee GDP/capita: $2900 Life Expectancy: 66 years Education: 7 years (literacy rate: 54%) Suffrage:18 yrs and universal • Languages: Hindi and English (many others) • Monetary Unit: Indian Rupee ($1.00 = 50 rupees) • GDP/capita: $3900 • Life Expectancy: 67 years • Education: 10 years (literacy rate: 61%) • Suffrage: 18 yrs and universal

41. South Asia’s Issues1950-Present • Population exploded, causing mass poverty/slums • Mother Teresa  • Nationalism: Sikh’s want freedom • Caste System outlawed, but still exists • Tense Foreign Relations w/Pakistan over Kashmir region • 1998: both nations tested nuclear weapons • 2003: nations agreed to uneasy cease fire

42. South Asia’s Issues1950-Present • Pollution (Ganges River article) • Overpopulation (food supply, poverty, slums…) • Religious Conflict between Hindus and Muslims/Sikhs • Tension between India and Pakistan (Kashmir)

43. What does this cartoon depict? Mohammed Ali Jinnah Jawaharlal Nehru

44. A Prayer for the Ganges • In 2007, Joshua Hammer travelled down the Ganges to get a sense of how bad the pollution has become. • He wrote this article for Smithsonian magazine. • Closely read the article and answer the provided questions. Thursday 3/21/13 Thursday 3/21/13