A New Type of Electronic Nose for Analyzing Malodor

A New Type of Electronic Nose for Analyzing Malodor Edward J. Staples, Ph.D. Electronic Sensor Technology 1077 Business Center Circle Newbury Park, California Ph: 805-480-1994 FAX: 805-480-1984 WebSite: www.estcal.com email: staples@estcal.com • Introduction - Electronic Nose and Sensor Arrays • Fast Chromatography as a Sensor Arrays • Quantifiable Results - US EPA Validation • VaporPrintsTM Images and Pattern Recognition • Breath and Common Mouthwash odors • Other Useful VaporPrintTM Applications • Summary and Conclusions Content

A New Type of Electronic Nose for Analyzing Malador A new type of Electronic Nose which simulates the human olfactory response with a 500 element array of nearly orthogonal sensors in 10 seconds is described in this paper. This electronic nose is the first to be validated by the US EPA with both volatiles as well as semi-volatile organic compounds. Application of this new technology to identify and quantify breath odors can identify specific analytes and their concentrations in breath. This new eNose contains a large number of orthogonal sensors, very detailed VaporPrintTM images which are used to identify complex odors and fragrances. With orthogonal 500 sensors, the olfactory response can be mapped into a visual image and this allows accurate pattern recognition by humans as well as computers. Unlike conventional sensor arrays this eNose speciates and quantifies the individual analytes present in breath. This paper will present results obtained from bacteria and other malodors associated with human diseases. In addition, VaporPrintTM images associated with common mouthwashes will be presented.

Electronic Noses(Sensor Arrays) • Technical Approach • Sensor Arrays to mimic the human olfactory response • Visual Image • Pattern Recognition • Specificity • Orthogonality • Sensor Separation • Meaningful Sensor Sequence or Order • Ability to Calibrate • Sensitivity • Accuracy • Precision • Speed

Fast Gas Chromatography • GC/SAW Electronic Nose with programmable sampling preconcentrator • 10 Second Analysis Speed • Volatile Compounds - ppb MDL • Semi-Volatile Compounds - ppt MDL

Cal 1 Air 0oC SAW 30 second Sample Cal 2 Air 0oC SAW 30 second Sample Cal 1 in Air 1,1,2,2 trichloroethane ethylbenzene chloroform benzene toluene 10 Seconds ! Xylene Carbon tetrachloride PCE 1,2 DCE TCE

Calibration Filesfor Air * 30 Second Sample 0oC Detector

Water Calibration Cal 1 Water 0o SAW 30 sec Sample 1,1,2,2 trichloroethane ethylbenzene chloroform benzene toluene 10 Seconds ! Cal 2 Water 0o SAW 30 sec Sample Carbon tetrachloride TCE Xylene PCE 1,2 DCE

Calibration Filesfor Water * 30 Second Sample 0oC Detector

Minimum Detection Levels for Common VOC 30 second Sample of Vapor 0oC SAW Detector The ONLY electronic nose validated by the US EPA !!

Chromatogram viewed as a serial polling of a sensor array • Step 1 - Preconcentrate • Step 2 - Desorb & Inject • Step 3 - Observe elution of analytes from GC column

Frequency Pattern Derivative Pattern Display Formatsand Vapor Signatures Vapor Patterns Frequency Chromatograms Sensor Alarms

VaporPrintTM Pattern Recognition • Evaluation performed using Humans and Artificial Intelligence/Neural Net Software • Result - Human perception is practically optimal at recognizing VaporPrintTM images. Example

Oldsmobile Alero Oldsmobile Aurora Useful Attributes of an Electronic Nose • Dental and Oral Characteristics • visual, sound, tactile • X-ray images • olfactory evaluation (quantitative) • Electronic Nose • improves olfactory capabilities • transfers olfactory stimulus to visual pattern recognition Example: Learning to recognize the olfactory image ‘that new car smell’

Benchtop Model Near Real Time (10 Seconds)Chromatographywith an Electronic Nose • Volatile Organics • Bacteria Odor Signatures • Breath Odor • Detection/Diagnostics • Gastrointestinal • Salivary Treatment • Animal studies • Other • Medical Diagnosis • Early identification of Infectious disease • Biological agents • Body Odors Field Portable Model 4100 Electronic Nose ppb Sensitivity The Only Electronic Nose Validated by the US-EPA !!

5 Second Breath Sample 10 Second Breath Analysis SAW Sensor Vapor Signature Processed Vapor Signature US EPA Validated Chromatography Software Definable Sensor Arrays Two Data Display Modes Now the Speed of a Sensor Array and the Performance of a Fast Gas Chromatograph

Tom’s Spearmint Tom’s Peppermint Scope Peppermint Long’s Mint Scope mint Long’s Blue Mint Listerine Mint VaporPrintTM Images of Mouthwash Odors

Listerine Cool Mint Long’s Blue Mint Long’s Mint Comparison of Mints Quantitative Comparisons (Analyte by Analyte)

Scope Peppermint Scope Mint Tom’s Peppermint Tom’s Spearmint Listerine Cool Mint Long’s Blue Mint Long’s and ScopeMint Scope Long's

Tom’s Peppermint and Scope Mint Scope Tom's

Scope Mint and Peppermint Mint Peppermint

Strep pneumonia Shigella flexneri Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhimurium Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida albicans Hemophilus influenza Enterococcus faecalis E. Coli E. Coli O157 Staph aureus VaporPrintTM of Infectious Bacteria Cultures Cultures Prepared by: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, State Public Health Laboratory of Nevada www.estcal.com

Coffee Auto Exhaust Mushrooms Other VaporPrints Onions Garlic Dioxins Peanut Butter Cup PCB Aroclor 1260 US Currency Diesel Gasoline Kitt-Kat

Summary • Flash Chromatography using Surface Acoustic Wave GC Detectors • Small, Solid State, low cost • no polymer coatings to degrade >> high stability • 10 Second analysis time provides a fast and portable malodor analyzer • Functional Electronic Nose • Serial Polling simulates 500 orthogonal Sensors in 10 Seconds • Minimal overlapping responses (co-elution) • EPA Methods Insure Accuracy & Precision • Sensitivity • ppb for VOCs • ppt for Semi-VOC • Save Money and Time with real time Quantitative Results in-situ See our web site : www.estcal.com

Commercial Availability GSA Listed Benchtop Model for Mobile Labs

A New Type of Electronic Nose for Analyzing Malodor