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Why Trafficking?

The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC): What is it? Who’s at risk? What can schools do?. Why Trafficking?. Homeless youth, especially unaccompanied homeless youth, fall squarely within the high-risk profile for trafficking victims

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Why Trafficking?

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  1. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC):What is it?Who’s at risk?What can schools do?

  2. Why Trafficking? Homeless youth, especially unaccompanied homeless youth, fall squarely within the high-risk profile for trafficking victims Statistics reveal that runaway and homeless youth are targeted frequently by traffickers Schools are being used as recruiting grounds

  3. Sex trafficking in the USA hits close to homehttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/09/26/sex-trafficking-in-the-usa/1595489/

  4. What is Human Trafficking? • One of the fastest growing and most profitable criminal industries in the world • An issue of international and domestic concern • Trafficking of minors in other countries • Trafficking of foreign youth into the United States • Trafficking of domestic youth throughout the United States • Polaris Project: http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview

  5. What is Human Trafficking? • Most common forms: • Trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation (~79% globally) • Trafficking for the purposes of forced labor (~18% globally) • http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons.html

  6. The Administration’s Position • December 2012 Presidential Proclamation: • Designated January 2013 as National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month • “One of the greatest human rights abuses of our time” • “A crime that amounts to modern-day slavery” • Press release: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/31/presidential-proclamation-national-slavery-and-human-trafficking-prevent

  7. The FBI’s Position • Among children and teens living on the streets in the United States, involvement in commercial sex activity is a problem of epidemic proportion. • Girls living on the street may trafficked locally or become entangled in organized crime networks where they are trafficked nationally • Average age of becoming a victim of sex trafficking: • Girls: 12-13 • Boys and transgender youth: 11-13 • http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking

  8. Federal Law and Definitions • Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) • Sex Trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act • Commercial Sex Act: Any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person

  9. Federal Law and Definitions • Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) • Severe Forms of Trafficking: Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age • Full text: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf

  10. What Do You Think? By show of hands, is this sex trafficking?: A 13 year-old homeless youth performing a sex act for a place to sleep A mother trading a night with her 12-year-old son for drugs A 14-year-old posing for explicit photos for food A little league coach sexually abusing players A gang member providing fellow members a “girl to have fun with” for higher status in the gang

  11. The Numbers • 2010 Congressional Testimony, NCMEC President • Estimates vary between 100,000-300,000 youth victims of CSEC each year in the USA • The number of 10-17 year olds involved in CSEC in the United States each year likely exceeds 250,000; 60% of these victims are runaway, thrownaway, or homeless youth • Estimates that as many as 1/3 of teen runaways/thrownaways will become involved in prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home • http://www.missingkids.com/missingkids/servlet/NewsEventServlet?LanguageCountry=en_US&PageId=4312

  12. Where is it happening? • San Francisco, CA • San Diego, CA • Miami, FL • New York, NY • Washington, DC • Las Vegas, NV • St. Louis, MO http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/FBI/a0908/chapter4.htm FBI: 13 High Intensity Child Prostitution Areas: Los Angeles, CA Minneapolis, MN Dallas, TX Detroit, MI Tampa, FL Chicago, IL

  13. Urban? Suburban? Rural? More youth are exploited in the U.S. sex industry in urban areas, though they may be brought from suburban and rural areas. However, an increase in minor arrests in suburban and rural areas has experts speculating that CSEC is expanding beyond city limits. US HHShttp://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/

  14. What does it look like? Street prostitution Escort services Pornography Strip clubs “Massage parlors” Phone sex lines “Private parties” Gang-based prostitution Cyber market (craigslist, backpage.com, social media) Truck stops

  15. Who trafficks? Individual Pimps Gangs and criminal networks Brothel and fake massage parlor owners Intimate partners Family members People from all walks of life

  16. Who are the Victims? • Traffickers are masters of manipulation and exploiting vulnerabilities • Target at-risk populations • Threats • Physical harm • Emotional manipulation • “Trauma bond” • Brainwashing • Any child may be trafficked, but a profile of a high-risk youth has emerged…

  17. Victim Risk Factors Poverty History of sexual or physical abuse History of family or individual substance abuse Loss of a parent or caregiver Running away/being thrown away Lack of a support system Special education needs

  18. Victim Risk Factors “The themes of trauma, abandonment, and disruption, begun in childhood, are central to the narratives of adolescent girls trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation. Girls describe having had a profound sense of being alone without resources.” http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/

  19. Who does this sound like? Homeless youth, especially UHY Youth with child welfare involvement

  20. Warning Signs Unexplained school absences/irregular school attendance Chronic running away References frequent travel to other cities Bruising/signs of physical trauma Signs of emotional distress, including depression, withdrawn behavior, and anxiety

  21. Warning Signs Unusual attachment to cellphone Strange tattoos Inappropriate dress Sudden change in material possessions References to sexual situations beyond what is appropriate for their age “A reputation” A noticeably older “boyfriend”

  22. What Can Schools Do? • Educate staff • Implement and enforce a policy for reporting • Partner with law enforcement • Partner with child welfare • Train counselors/social workers on how to work with CSEC victims • Offer a developmentally appropriate prevention curriculum to students

  23. Sample Protocol – Grossmont Union High School District, San Diego

  24. More Information FBI | Innocence Lost: www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/cac/innocencelost Department of Justice | Human Trafficking: www.justice.gov/archive/olp/human_trafficking.htm US ED | Trafficking Fact Sheet: www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oshs/factsheet.html NCHE | Trafficking: www.serve.org/nche/ibt/trafficking.php FAIR Girls (DC): www.fairgirls.org GEMS (NYC): www.gems-girls.org

  25. http://archive.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/form.htm

  26. Questions?

  27. Contact Information Christina Dukes, Program SpecialistNational Center for Homeless Education (NCHE)cdukes@serve.org Eve Birge, US ED OSHS Liaison on Domestic Human Trafficking and Gender-based Violence, detailed to the Office on Violence Against Women, US DOJeve.birge@usdoj.gov

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