Unit Three: Global Interactions (1200 – 1650)

1. Unit Three: Global Interactions(1200 – 1650) • As a result of the Crusades, there was an increase in trade. • Following the Crusades, global trading networks were established.

2. Japan & Geography • Archipelago (a chain of islands)Japan is 85% mountainous • Japan has been protected from invasion by the Sea of Japan (ex. Mongols in the 13th century)

3. Japan & Geography • Japanese rely on terrace farming and the sea for food • Japan lacks many natural resources • “ring of fire” (volcanoes & earthquakes in the Pacific).

4. Tokugawa Japan and the Korean Peninsula

5. Early Traditions in Japan • Patriarchal (male dominated) • Heavily influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism • Filial Piety (respect for elders)

6. Shintoism • Japanese pray in Shinto Shrines • Shintoism (ancestor worship, Kami {spirit} & respect for nature) • Shintoism has been a unifying force in Japan

7. Korea as a bridge for Chinese ideas in Japan • Many fundamental aspects of Japanese life were borrowed from the Chinese via Korea (ex. Character Writing, architecture {Pagoda}, Buddhism, Confucianism)

8. Selective Borrowing • The notion that the Japaneseborrowed foreign ideas that met there needs (examples. Confucianism, language, tea ceremony) andblended these ideas with their own original traditions to create their unique culture.

9. Early Japanese History & Feudalism • There has been only one imperial bloodline in Japan tracing its roots back to the Yamato clan prior to 500AD.

10. Heian Period700 – 1100 AD • A celebrated period in Japanese history where the imperial court lived in elegance. • The emperor ruled with real power.

11. Shoguns(1192 – 1868) • Overtime the emperor lost real power to the military commanders • A shogun was a top military commander who assumed actual power in Japan. The emperor was a figurehead.

12. Social hierarchy in Japan • Samurai – followed the code of the bushido (code of conduct for warriors) • Farmers • Artisans • Merchants (the lowest class according to Confucian values)

13. Comparison to European Feudalism • Both societies had a rigid class structure with the warriors as the upper class and an emphasis on social order. • Both societies had a code of conduct for warriors (Japanese Samurai – Bushido, European knights – Chivalry)

14. The landed nobility controlled the daily lives of those living on their property in exchange for providing protection for them.

15. Tokagawa Shogunate(1600’s – 1868) • This family line ruled Japan in relative peace for 300 years. • It followed a foreign policy of isolationism. (Japan was not opened to trade with the outside world again until the 1853 visit of American Commodore Matthew Perry). • Cultural advances during this time include haiku (Japanese poetry)

16. The rise and fall of the Mongols Empire

17. Genghis Khan

18. Pax Mongolia • The golden age of the Mongols

19. Kublai Khan • Kublai Khan, ruler of half the known world, in 1260 A.D. established an official alphabet for his empire. • He intended for it to serve all the languages from Austria to Korea--to unify his vast Mongolian Empire

20. Impact on Central Asia and China • The Mongols were superior horseman and were able to conquer most of Asia

21. Mongols& Russia • The Mongols controlled Russia from the early 1200’s until 1480, during which time Russian contact with Europe was limited.

22. The Mongols in ChinaThe Yuan Dynasty1279 - 1368

24. Marco Polo

25. Ibn Battuta • World traveler from Morocco. He first visited Mecca, then proceeded to the far east. The records of his travels helped historians.

26. The rise and fall of African Civilizations • Ghana (800 – 1000 AD) • Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD) • Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD)

27. All three kingdoms maintained trading networks across the Sahara desert   • The main export was gold, which made each kingdom wealthy, and provided them with the conditions for cultural and intellectual achievement.

28. Located along trade routes • One similarity between the Ancient African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is that all of these kingdoms were locatedon major trade routes in Africa.

29. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all influenced by Islam • Mosque located in Mali

30. The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrate that advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region

31. Ghana(800 AD– 1000 AD) • Controlled gold-salt trade routes in West Africa • Viewed king as semi-divine • High status held by women • Influenced by Muslims

32. Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD) • Expanded influence over gold-salt trade. • Emphasized peace and order • Mansu Musa - great Mali emperor

33. Mansa Musa • Mansu Musa - a great Islamic emperor who went on a famous hajj to Mecca calling attention to the great Mali Empire

34. Timbuktu • Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning • Islamic scholars traveled from around the Muslim world to study and teach and the University of Timbuktu.

35. Axum • East African trading kingdom located along the Red Sea • The Axum were descendents from African farmers and Arabian traders

36. Axum • Introduced both Jewish and Christian traditions in Africa

37. Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD) • Largest West African state • Controlled trade routes in West Africa • Muslim • Set up efficient government and bureaucracy • The Songhai were defeated by people using European weaponry

38. Commercial Revolution • There was a basic economic change. • Europe went from self-sufficient manors to establishing global trading networks that relied on capitalism.

39. Trade grows • Goods from east are in demand (silks and spices) in Europe • Towns grow as commerce increases.

40. Trade fairs and towns • As monarchs collected tax revenue from business people, the monarch grew stronger and nobles lost power (the Kings no longer relied on the nobles for defense because they were able to hire professional armies with the newly collected taxes).

41. As Trade increases • The power of kings increases • The power of the nobles decreases. • A middle class grows • Feudalism is weakened

42. New Business Practices • Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies emerge. • Banking grows • Insurance industry grows (insurance helped to reduce the risk of investors).

43. Hanseatic League • An organization of northern German business people who bonded together to protect their business interests

44. Hanseatic League • To protect shipping, they addressed piracy issues and built lighthouses in the Baltic Sea. They successfully set up monopolies in various industries in Northern Europe.

45. Trade Guilds • A guild was a type of trade association. • Guilds would protect the interests of its members by ensuring high quality, regulating prices and provided social services for its members.

46. Major centers of trade: • Nanjing • Calcutta • Mogadishu • Venice • Florence

47. Expansion of the Portuguese Spice Trade to Southeast Asia • Prince Henry’s School for Sailors • A major innovator of his time.

48. Black Death • One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague. • It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.

49. Black Death • One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague. • It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.

50. Increasing power of Kings & Rise of Nation-States • France • Spain • England • Russia