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James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779). Izradio:Franko Stjepić. About James Cook. Captain James Cook was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer He ultimately rose to the rank of captain in the Royal Navy
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James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) Izradio:Franko Stjepić
About James Cook... • Captain James Cook was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer • He ultimately rose to the rank of captain in the Royal Navy • Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean
... • During the journey he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands • Also he was the first who recorded the circumnavigation of New Zealand
Early life • Cook was born in the village of Marton in Yorkshire • He was baptised in the local church of St. Cuthbert • His name can be seen in the church register • He was the second of eight children
Education • In 1736, his family moved to AireyHolme farm at Great Ayton • He met his father´s employer, Thomas Skottowe • Thomas Skottowe paid for him to attend the local school
First job • He attended school for five years • After the five years in 1741 he began to work for his father • His father was promoted to farm manager • He didn´t seem to like the job
Family • Cook married Elizabeth Batts (1742–1835), the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn • The wedding was on 21 December 1762 at St. Margaret's Church in Barking, Essex • The couple had six children: James (1763–94), Nathaniel (1764–81), Elizabeth (1767–71), Joseph (1768–68), George (1772–72) and Hugh (1776–93) • Cook has no direct descendants—all his children either pre-deceased him or died without having children of their own
The scent of the sea • In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles (32 km) to the fishing village of Staithes • He apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson • Some say that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window
... • After 18 months, not proving suitable for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby • He was introduced to friends of Sanderson's, John and Henry Walker • Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels , plying coal along the English coast.
The begining • His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coaster • He sailed between the Tyne and London • As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy • All these skills he would need one day to command his own ship.
Early career start • His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea • After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks • Starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship
Royal Navy • In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy • Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy • Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 7 June 1755
... • Cook's first posting was with HMS Eagle, sailing with the rank of master's mate • In October and November 1755 he took part in Eagle's capture of one French warship and the sinking of another • Following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties
... • In June 1757 Cook passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford • This qualified him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet • He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig
Seven Year´s War • During the Seven Years' War, he served in North America as master of Pembroke • In 1758, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French • after this he participated in the siege of Quebec Cityand then the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759
Cook´s real profession • Cook showed a talent for surveying and cartography • He was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege • This allowed General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham • Cook's aptitude for surveying was put to good use mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s
... • His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts • They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions • Cook got the attention of the Admiraltyand Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery
The first voyage (1768-71) • In 1766, the Royal Societyengaged Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun • At the age of 39, he was promoted to lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition • The expedition sailed from England in 1768, rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on 13 April 1769
... • However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped • Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orderswhich were additional instructions from the Admiralty • For the second part of the voyage he had to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent TerraAustralis (a mythical large continent)
... • On 23 April he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australiansat Brush Island near Bawley Point • On 29 April Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula • he named Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and DanielSolander
... • It is here that James Cook made first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal • After his departure he continued northwards • The voyage was delayed almost 7 weeks because of the damage that one of the ships got by ranning aground on a shoal of the Great Barrirer Reef
End of the first voyage • Once repairs were complete the voyage continued, sailing through Torres Strait • On 22 August he landed on Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline he had just explored as British territory • He returned to England via Batavia (Indonesia- where many in his crew succumbed to malaria) the Cape of Good Hope and the island of Saint Helena, arriving on 12 July 1771
The second voyage (1772-75) • Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771, to the rank of commander • In 1772 he was commissioned to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis • On his first voyage he proved by circumnavigating that New Zealand wasn´t attached to a larger landmass
... • Cook commanded HMS Resolution on this voyage • Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern latitude • Becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773
... • On this leg of the voyage he brought with him a young Tahitian named Omai • proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage
End of the second voyage • He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent • On his return voyage, in 1774 he landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, andVanuatu • Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, but they couldn´t keep him away from the sea
The third voyage (1776-79) • On his last voyage, Cook once again commanded HMS Resolution • The voyage was planned to return Omai to Tahiti • But this is what the general public believed, as he had become a favourite curiosity in London • Principally the purpose of the voyage was an attempt to discover the famed Northwest Passage
... • After returning Omai, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands • In January 1778 passing and after initial landfallat Waimeaharbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelagothe "Sandwich Islands" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich – the acting First Lord of the Admiralty
... • He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island • He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot • There they spent about a month and discovered a Nuu-chah-nulth village • They traded their metal for their goods
... • After leaving, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska • The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although he made several attempts to sail through it • Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay
... • Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono • Coincidentally the form of Cook'ssails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship • Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall led to the missundertand that Cook is an incarnation of Lono
Cook´s death • After a month's stay, Cook got under sail again to resume his exploration of the Northern Pacific • However the ships foremast broke so they needed to return • This was unpleasent and the people didn´t welcome them • Some tribesmen stole Cook´s small boat and some other things • Cook wanted to get it all back, so he intended to take the Hawaiian King as a hostage • The Hawaiian prevented it
... • As Cook and his men wnet back to the ship Hawaiians attacked them • They killed two of Cook´s men and stabed Cook to death
Legacy • Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were encountered for the first time by Europeans • His more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement • Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man • He discovered many thing and helped the greater acomplishment of science
