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Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

Cognitive Development During the First Three Years. Dr. Arra Chapter 5. Piaget. Theory of Cognitive Development I.Sensorimotor Stage II. Preoperational Stage III. Concrete Operational Stage IV. Formal Operations. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years.

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Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

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  1. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years Dr. Arra Chapter 5

  2. Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development I.Sensorimotor Stage II. Preoperational Stage III. Concrete Operational Stage IV. Formal Operations

  3. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0 – 2 yrs.) • Schemes – mental frameworks in the mind that provide a model for action (0 – 1 mos.) • Assimilation • Accomodation

  4. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years • Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 mos.) • Secondary Circular Reactions (4-12 mos.) goal directed behavior • Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mos.)

  5. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years • Object Permanence (8-12 mos.) • Deferred Imitation (18-24 mos.) Symbolic Thinking

  6. Memory • Eyewitness Memory – often inaccurate (eyewitness testimony) research has shown that people’s attention is narrowed during high levels of arousal; in these situations we tend to focus on a few specific details as opposed encoding the entire situation • Weapon focus hypothesis: victim’s of violent crimes may zoom in on the weapon and not encode the criminals face

  7. Memory • Flashbulb memories – memories for sudden, specific events, that people feel are burned into their minds forever • Emotionally charged memory • Research shows that in fact over time information is forgotten and distorted

  8. Memory • Implicit memories: (0-3 mos.) knowledge of events, procedures, and information that individuals may be quite unaware of; unconscious (Procedural Memory; Conditioning) • Explicit memories: (6-12 mos.) conscious recall/recognition of facts, names, events

  9. Memory • Working Memory: (6-12 mos.) STM • LTM • Serial Learning Curve

  10. Memory • Context-dependent memory Memories get associated to the context in which they are studied • State-dependent memory Memory or recall associated with state at test matches their state at learning

  11. Information Processing • Approach that emphasizes cognition, attention, memory • Looks at how infants proceed through these processes

  12. Information Processing Information Processing researchers measure, and draw inferences from what infants pay attention to and for how long Habituation: reduced attention due to repeated presentation of the same stimulus Dishabituation: renewal of interest in a new stimulus

  13. Imitation • Deferred Imitation; Piaget (18-24 mos.) Current Research: • Infants can imitate faces within the first few days after birth • Infants are able to demonstrate deferred imitation at 9 mos.

  14. Intelligence Tests • Mostly non-verbal • Measure motor skills, adaptive behavior skills, language • DAS, Bracken, Stanford-Binet, WJ-III • Stability of IQ at young ages????

  15. Language Language: communication system based on words and grammar Rules of Language: • Phonology: phonemes • Morphology: morphemes – smallest part of a word that has meaning semantics – meaning on a sentence level • Syntax: structure of sentences • Pragmatics: practical use of language; knowing appropriate rules with regards to dialogue and language

  16. Language • How is language acquired? Chomsky (LAD) vs. Skinner • Critical period for language development?

  17. Language Some definitions: • Motherese – speech used when talking to babies • Recasting – rephrasing what child has said • Echoing – repeating what child has said • Expanding – restating what child has said in a more sophisticated form

  18. Language Some definitions: • Labeling – identifying the names of objects • Holophrase – single word that conveys a complete thought (10-15 mos.) • Telegraphic speech – early form of a sentence that consists of only a few words (18-24 mos.)

  19. Language How language develops: • 3-6 mos. Babbling, Cooing • 6-9 mos. First words understood (receptive) • 10-15 mos. Infant utters first word Why dada and not mama? • 18-24 mos. Two word statements • 36 mos. Says up to 1,000 words

  20. Language What occurs between 18 and 36 mos.? • MLU increases • Number of morphemes per sentence produced

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