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Igneous Structures: Volcanic

Igneous Structures: Volcanic. Viscosity. Units: pascal-seconds (kg/m-sec) How many pascals pressure x how many seconds to squash fluid flat? Viscous: Material flows as long as pressure is applied, however small Pseudoviscous: Material flows after some threshold stress.

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Igneous Structures: Volcanic

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  1. Igneous Structures: Volcanic

  2. Viscosity • Units: pascal-seconds (kg/m-sec) • How many pascals pressure x how many seconds to squash fluid flat? • Viscous: Material flows as long as pressure is applied, however small • Pseudoviscous: Material flows after some threshold stress

  3. Viscosity of Common Materials

  4. Geologic Viscosities

  5. What Drives Magma? • Magma is typically 10% lighter than equivalent solid rock • Why pressure inhibits melting • Buoyancy drives magma upward • Weight of rock around volcanic conduit > weight of magma • Gas pressure powers volcanic eruptions • Mafic (dense) rocks can sink in crust by viscous flow

  6. Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes

  7. A Cinder Cone:Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon

  8. Paricutin, Mexico1943-1952

  9. Anatomy of a Cinder Cone, Hawaii

  10. Tuff Ring: Diamond Head, Hawaii

  11. Tuff Ring: Diamond Head, Hawaii

  12. Shield Volcano: Haleakala, Hawaii

  13. Stromboli

  14. Mount Lassen and Mount Tehama

  15. Mount Shasta, California

  16. Shasta and Shastina

  17. Shastina and Landslide Deposit

  18. Mount Shasta and Landslide Deposit

  19. Mount Saint Helens and Spirit Lake

  20. May 18, 1980

  21. The Mountain Collapses

  22. Mount St. Helens

  23. Mt. St. Helens

  24. Bezymianny, Russia

  25. Lava Dome, California

  26. Rhyolite Plugs and Pumice Rings

  27. Rhyolite Plugs and Pumice Ring

  28. Obsidian Dome, California

  29. Obsidian

  30. Rhyolite Plugs and Pumice Rings

  31. Maar, Nevada

  32. Volcanic Neck, New Mexico

  33. Topographic Inversion, Nevada

  34. How Calderas Form

  35. Crater Lake, Oregon

  36. Mount Mazama: After

  37. Mount Mazama: Before

  38. Jemez Caldera, New Mexico

  39. Valles Caldera, New Mexico

  40. Tuff, Valles Caldera, New Mexico

  41. Welded Tuff, California

  42. Santorini (Thera), Greece

  43. Santorini (Thera), Greece

  44. Santorini, Greece

  45. Santorini, Greece

  46. Ash Layer, Santorini

  47. Ash Layers, Santorini

  48. What Really Destroyed the Minoan Civilization

  49. Collapsing Volcanoes - Hawaii

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