Electric Fields and Potential Difference

1. Electric Fields and Potential Difference

2. Electric fields are similar to gravitational fields. The only difference is that two objects with mass will always attract each other. Charges can either repel or attract when held some distance apart. Electric Fields Here are the gravitational field lines around the Earth. Notice how they point toward the center and are perpendicular at the surface of the Earth.

3. A charged object creates an electric field - an alteration of the space in the region which surrounds it. Other charges in that field would feel the unusual alteration of the space. Charges produce similar fields… - +

4. Electric field between two opposite charges…

5. Electric field between two like charges…

6. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 1. Electric field lines always go from positive to negative. The arrows show the path that a positive “test charge” would follow.

7. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 2. Electric field lines always enter and leave the charge perpendicularly.

8. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 3. Electric field lines never cross. This is just like contour lines.

9. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 4. Where the electric field lines are closer the electric field is stronger. Again remember when the contour lines were closer together the slope was steeper.

10. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 5. Make sure the electric field lines are in contact with charged objects. Charged Parallel Plates + + + + + + + - - - - - - -

11. What would the electric field look like around these charges? - -

12. What would the electric field look like around these charges? + + -

13. Analyzing the path of a test charge: A test charge is a positively charged object that is used to test the electric field around other charged objects. + - + + +

14. Electric Field Strength (E) g = w m = Fg m = GmM r2 m • This is also similar to the gravitational field strength. • The gravitational field strength of the Earth is 10 m/s2. g = GM r2 E = FE q = kqQ r2 q E = kQ r2

15. What is the magnitude of the electric field strength at a point in a field where a positive test charge of 8.00 x 10-2 C experiences a 2 N force? E = FE q E = 2 N 8.0 x 10-2 C + E = 25 N/C

16. Electric Potential Difference- Let’s first revisit gravitational potential energy… What is gravitational potential energy dependent on? m PE = mgh 2m Work (energy) is required to lift these rocks against the force of gravity. 2h h

17. Work is also required to move charges in an electric field. If the direction of an electric field is such that it opposes the motion of a charged particle, work must be done to move the particle in that direction. + W = Fd + + The potential difference between two points in an electric field is the work done per unit charge. + + + + + + + V = W q 1 J/C = 1 volt

18. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + For each situation below determine if work is done on the test charge to move it from point A to point B. A B + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + B A NO work is done. The + charge is moving with nature; work is not required when it moves with the electric field. YES work is done. The + charge is moving against nature; work is required when it moves against the electric field. When a + charge moves naturally in the direction of the E field, it is moving from high PE to low PE. So the charge has a higher PE at A. When work is done to move an object against nature, the PE of the object increases. So the charge possess more PE when at B.

19. We can now conclude that the high energy location for a positive test charge is a location nearest the positive source charge; and the low energy location is furthest away. Electric Field Lines Lower PE + Higher PE + +

20. If the electric potential difference between two locations is 1 volt, then 1 C of charge will gain 1 J of potential energy when moved between those two locations. Electric Field Lines + + +

21. If there is no difference in an electric field than no work needs to be done and there is no voltage. metal spheres Both have the same charge- no potential difference- no voltage 50e 50e Here there is a potential difference- work is done to move a charge of 50e 100e 0 Here there less of a potential difference- work is done to move a charge of 5e 10e 0

22. THINK OF VOLTAGE AS ELECTRIC PRESSURE.

23. If 8 Joules of work are required to move 2 Coulombs of charge through a 3-ohm resistor, what is the potential difference across the resistor? V = W q V = 8J 2C V = 4V

24. Units- Joules vs. eV How much work is done to move an elementary charge (+/- e) against an electric field through a potential difference of 1 volt? V = W q qV = Wq q W = Vq W = (1V)(1.6 x 10-19 C) = 1.6 x 10-19 J 1.6 x 10-19 J = 1 eV (electronvolt) Electronvolts are like inches and Joules are like miles.

25. How much energy in eV is needed to move one electron through a potential difference of 1.0 x 102V? W = energy W = Vq W = (1.0 x 102V)(-1.6 x 10-19C) W = 1.6 x 10-17J = 100 eV 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

26. How many electronvolts are in 320 x 10-19J of energy? 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J 200 eV

27. eVand Joulesare bothunitsof ENERGY!