1 / 48

Prospective Memory

Prospective Memory. Outline. What is Prospective Memory (PM)? How do we study PM? Models/Theories of PM?. Objectives. Be Able to Define Prospective Memory (PM) Name Types of Prospective Memory (PM) and Examples Name Phases/Stages of PM. Objectives. Name ways used to test PM

skyler
Download Presentation

Prospective Memory

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Prospective Memory

  2. Outline • What is Prospective Memory (PM)? • How do we study PM? • Models/Theories of PM?

  3. Objectives • Be Able to Define Prospective Memory (PM) • Name Types of Prospective Memory (PM) and Examples • Name Phases/Stages of PM

  4. Objectives • Name ways used to test PM • Introduction to the main theoretical approaches • Brief introduction to the neural correlates of PM

  5. Executive Functions • PM part of Executive Functions • Executive Functions: An umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes (planning, inhibition, problem solving, multitasking, etc)

  6. Executive Functions • Examples of processes that require executive functions: • Making future plans • Switching from one activity to another • Resisting temptation • Solving problems • Reflect on own work

  7. What is Prospective Memory (PM)?

  8. What is PM? • Number of functions that enable a person to carry out an intended act after a delay (Burgess et al., 2001) • Delayed intentions: intentions that involve activities that cannot be executed immediately, and have to be stored in memory and be executed in the future (Ellis & Kvavilashvili, 2000)

  9. What is PM? • PM is an umbrella term to describe a function supported by many constructs such as planning, attention, action control, monitoring (Burgess & Shallice, 1997; Burgess, Dumontheil, Gilbert, Okuda, Schölvinck, & Simons, 2008)

  10. Why Study PM? When PM goes wrong….

  11. Why Study PM? • Essential to everyday functioning, or even, survival! • A significant number (50–80%) of all everyday memory problems are, at least in part, prospective memory (PM) problems (Kliegel & Martin, 2003)

  12. Why Study PM? • Aging effects on PM • PM is impaired in many disorders: - Developmental disorders (ASD, ADHD) - Schizophrenia - Dementia - Depression

  13. PM Versus Retrospective Memory Prospective Remembering Requires Retrospective Memory Single Dissociation (PM impaired with intact RM). Example: Case studies with patients with amnesia Patient GAS (Alderman & Burgess, 1993).

  14. A PM task for today! • Raise your hands when this picture appears during the lecture:

  15. Types of PM • Event-Based: the appropriate moment for executing an intended action is triggered by an external cue or event • Time-Based: intended action is executed at a specific point in time or after a particular elapsed time • Activity Based: it is necessary to perform an intended action after the completion of another activity

  16. Types of PM • Focus on Event-Based and Time-Based PM. • Time-based PM tasks are generally harder to remember (extra processes involved). • People with brain injury, neurological disorders show impairments mostly on time-based PM tasks.

  17. Phases of PM • Encoding: Intention for future acitivity is formed and encoded • Storage: Maintenance of delayed intention, while performing ongoing task • Retrieval: Execution of encoded intention

  18. Event – Based PM

  19. Event – Based PM

  20. Event – Based PM

  21. Event – Based PM

  22. Intention: Watch favourite show at 8:30 on Monday! Time – Based PM

  23. Time – Based PM Cue: It’s 8:30 on a Monday!

  24. Time – Based PM

  25. How do we study PM?

  26. Tests of PM • Self Reports • First studies of PM • Questionnaires: • Everyday Memory Questionnaire (Sunderland et al., 1984) • The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) (Smith et al., 2000)

  27. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) Tests of PM Crawford et al., 2003

  28. Tests of PM

  29. Tests of PM Lab Based Tasks • Typically, participants are engaged in an “ongoing task” • PM conditions: continue performing the ongoing task, but press a different button if you see a cue

  30. Tests of PM

  31. Models/Theories of PM

  32. Models of PM • the preparatory attentional and memory processes (PAM) theory (Smith,2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004) • the multiprocess theory (McDaniel & Einstein, 2007) • model of the attentional control of behaviour (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Shallice & Burgess, 1991; Shallice & Burgess, 1996). • Theory of Monitoring (Guynn, 2008)

  33. Models of PM the preparatory attentional and memory processes (PAM) theory (Smith,2003; Smith & Bayen, 2004) PM retrieval is always mediated by nonautomatic preparatory attentional and retrospective memory processes Preparatory attentional processes are engaged throughout ongoing activity – effect of PM on ongoing tasks?

  34. Models of PM The multiprocess theory (McDaniel & Einstein, 2007) PM retrieval is mediated by relatively automatic processes under some conditions and by more strategic processes under other conditions Monitoring plays a more important role in some conditions compared to others!

  35. Models of PM Model of the attentional control of behaviour (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Shallice & Burgess, 1991; Shallice & Burgess, 1996).

  36. Models of PM Theory of Monitoring (Guynn, 2008) Complimentary to existing theories of PM Highlights role of monitoring in PM

  37. Neural Correlates of PM Gilbert, 2011

  38. CAR

  39. RAT

  40. CAR

  41. SHIRT

  42. RAT

  43. SHIRT

  44. Neural Correlates of PM Overlay of areas activated during maintenance of intention (blue; PM>Ctrl) and control task (red; Ctrl>PM). Overlay of areas activated during encoding (yellow) and retrieval (red) of delayed intentions. Gilbert, Armbruster, Panagiotidi, 2012 Overlay of areas activated during encoding (yellow) and retrieval (red) of delayed intentions. Overlay of areas activated during encoding (yellow) and retrieval (red) of delayed intentions.

  45. Neural Correlates of PM • Above findings consistent with studies on patients • Confirm the involvement of executive and memory • component in PM. Overlay of areas activated during encoding (yellow) and retrieval (red) of delayed intentions. Overlay of areas activated during encoding (yellow) and retrieval (red) of delayed intentions.

  46. Summary What is PM? • Remembering to remember • Event-based, time-based PM • 3 stages: encoding, maintenance, retrieval • Depends on Retrospective Memory and executive functions

  47. Summary • Tests of PM: lab-based, questionnaires, self reports • Two models: the preparatory attentional and memory processes theory, the multiprocess theory • Neural correlates: prefrontal cortex for executive function part, parietal cortex, hippocampus for retrospective.

  48. Thank you for your attention! Questions? pcp10mp@sheffield.ac.uk

More Related