Computational models of the physical world

1. Computational models of the physical world Cortical bone Trabecular bone

2. Social network analysis (1993) Co-author graph from 1993 Householdersymposium

3. Social network analysis (2013) Facebook graph: > 1,000,000,000 vertices

4. Parallel Computers Today Oak Ridge / Cray Titan: 17.6 PFLOPS 60-processor Intel Xeon Phi 1 TFLOPS Nvidia K20X GPU 1.3 TFLOPS • TFLOPS = 1012 floating point ops/sec • PFLOPS = 1,000,000,000,000,000 / sec

5. Supercomputers 1976:Cray-1,133 MFLOPS (106)

6. Trends in processor clock speed

7. Trends in processor clock speed

8. Top 500 List http://www.top500.org/list/2012/11/100 • Graph 500 List http://www.graph500.org/Results.html

9. U A L Top 500 List (November 2012) P = x Top500 Benchmark: Solve a large system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination

10. 2 1 4 5 7 6 3 Graph 500 List (November 2012) Graph500 Benchmark: Breadth-first searchin a large power-law graph

11. U A L Floating-Point vs. Graphs, November 2012 15.3Terateps 17.6 Petaflops P = x 2 1 4 5 7 6 3 17.6 Peta / 15.3 Tera is about 1150.

12. 4-core Intel Nehalem chip (2 per Triton node):

13. Triton memory hierarchy Node Chip Chip Proc Proc Proc Proc Proc Proc Proc Proc Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L2 Cache L3 Cache L3 Cache Node Memory <- Myrinet Interconnect to Other Nodes ->